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Development of a predictive model for exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months using machine learning : a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey
Hyun Kyoung Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2025;55(4):519-527.   Published online October 28, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25086
AbstractAbstract PDFePub
Purpose
This study aimed to develop a machine learning model to predict exclusive breastfeeding during the first 3 months after birth and to explore factors affecting breastfeeding outcomes.
Methods
Data from 2,579 participants in the Korean Early Childhood Education & Care Panel between March 1 and June 3, 2025 were analyzed using Python version 3.12.8 and Colab. The dataset was split into training and testing sets at an 80:20 ratio, and five classifiers (random forest, logistic regression, decision tree, AdaBoost, and XGBoost) were trained and evaluated using multiple performance metrics and feature importance analysis.
Results
The confusion matrix of the random forest classifier model demonstrated strong performance, with a precision of 86.6%, accuracy of 84.8%, recall of 96.8%, F1-score of 91.9%, and an area under the curve of 86.0%. Twenty-one features were analyzed, from which feeding plan, breastfeeding at 1 month, marriage period, maternal prenatal weight, self-respect, alcohol consumption, grit, value placed on children, maternal age, and depression emerged as important predictors of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 3 months.
Discussion
A robust model was developed to predict exclusive breastfeeding that identified feeding planning and breastfeeding at 1 month as the most influential predictors. The model could be implemented in clinical and community settings to guide tailored breastfeeding support strategies, coupled with the integration of maternal self-respect, grit, and the value placed on children in counseling programs to promote exclusive breastfeeding.
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Effectiveness of a mobile application for tracking symptoms and enhancing symptom management among breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in Bangkok, Thailand: a non-randomized controlled trial
Duangrat Kaveenuntachai, Supawan Jaiboon, Bualuang Sumdaengrit, Chureeporn Silaguntsuti, Arveewan Vittayatigonnasak, Pornchan Sailamai
J Korean Acad Nurs 2025;55(2):178-190.   Published online May 27, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25011
AbstractAbstract PDFePub
Purpose
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a mobile application in tracking symptoms and improving symptom management and quality of life (QoL) among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Thailand.
Methods
A non-randomized controlled trial was used, with 25 participants in the intervention group and 25 in the control group. Research instruments included a demographic data form, the NCI-PRO-CTCAE Items-Thai-Thailand version 1.0, and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire and Breast Cancer-Specific Module.
Results
The intervention group had significantly less severe side effects than the control group, with mean differences of –23.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], –27.82 to –18.83) on day 1, –28.18 (95% CI, –33.22 to –23.14) on day 3, –34.63 (95% CI, –40.18 to –29.08) on day 7, –42.56 (95% CI, –48.72 to –36.40) on day 14, and –51.31 (95% CI, –58.13 to –44.48) on day 21 (p<.001 for all). On day 21, participants in the intervention group reported significantly higher scores in the Global Health QoL and Functional Scales compared to the control group (p<.001). Additionally, intervention group participants reported lower scores on the Symptom Scales and higher scores on the Functional Scales than those in the control group (p<.001).
Conclusion
The ChemoPro application helped manage chemotherapy-related symptoms and was associated with improved symptom monitoring and QoL. Nonetheless, the study was limited by a small sample size and restriction to Android users. Future research with larger and more diverse populations is recommended before broader implementation in clinical practice.

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  • Effectiveness of a digital health intervention on the supportive care needs and quality of life in Mexican patients with breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial
    Saúl Eduardo Contreras-Sánchez, Svetlana V. Doubova, Rocío Grajales-Álvarez, Ricardo Villalobos-Valencia, Abdel Karim Dip-Borunda, José Gustavo Nuñez-Cerrillo, Alma Diana Huerta-López, Álvaro José Montiel-Jarquín, Arturo García-Galicia, Enrique Isay Talam
    BMC Cancer.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 4,259 View
  • 215 Download
  • 1 Crossref
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Development and Evaluation of an App-Based Self-Management Program for Exercise Practice of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial
Suyoun Maeng, Jungok Yu
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(2):250-265.   Published online May 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23119
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to develop an app-based self-management program based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) for breast cancer survivors’ exercise practice, as well as to investigate the program’s effects on the stage of change for exercise, exercise self-efficacy, exercise decisional balance, exercise amount, and body composition.
Methods
This non-randomized controlled study included 52 participants (26 in each of the experimental and control groups, respectively). An app-based self-management program based on the TTM was conducted with the experimental group for a 12-week period. The program comprised three components: individual coaching for each stage of change for exercise based on TTM, amount of exercise and body composition monitoring, and online self-help meetings.
Results
Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly higher stages of change for exercise (p < .001), exercise self-efficacy (p < .001), exercise decisional balance (p = .002), exercise amount (p < .001), and body composition (body weight [p = .006], body mass index [p = .005], and body fat percentage [p = .010]) immediately and four weeks after the intervention.
Conclusion
An appbased self-management program based on the TTM improves exercise behaviors in breast cancer survivors and provides physical benefits.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of a mobile health coaching intervention on symptom experience, self-management, and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: A quasi-experimental study
    Jin-Hee Park, Sun Hyoung Bae, Yong Sik Jung, Min Hee Hur, Ji Young Kim, Su Jin Jung
    Medicine.2025; 104(12): e41894.     CrossRef
  • 4,173 View
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  • 2 Web of Science
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Development and Effectiveness Evaluation of Comprehensive Mobile-Based, Breastfeeding Promotion Program for Mothers with Gestational Diabetes
Eunju Kwak, Seungmi Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2024;54(2):224-236.   Published online May 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.23098
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mobile-based breastfeeding promotion program (M-BFGDM) that helps mothers with gestational diabetes.
Methods
Forty-seven mothers participated in the study, of whom 22 were in the experimental group and 25 in the control group. To verify the effects, a lag design before and after the non-equivalence control group was used. The data collection for the experimental group was done before and after the intervention.
Results
In the results, breastfeeding knowledge showed a significant difference in the interaction between measurement period and group (χ2 = 8.14, p = .017), whereas breastfeeding intention did not show a significant difference in the interaction (χ2 = 4.73, p = .094). There was no difference in self-efficacy interaction (F = 0.13, p = .856). The breastfeeding method showed no difference in interaction (F = 0.04, p = .952), whereas cross-analysis showed a significant difference in breastfeeding practice rate between the experimental group and the control group at 1 month postpartum (χ2 = 7.59, p = .006).
Conclusion
A mobile-based breastfeeding promotion program was developed and applied for gestational diabetic mothers, resulting in an increase in breastfeeding knowledge and an improvement in breastfeeding practice rate one month after childbirth. In addition, M-BFGDM managed to create a breastfeeding practice environment with fewer time and place restrictions. A program study that complements motivation is needed to improve breastfeeding in pregnant diabetic mothers in the future.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Breastfeeding and education in the puerperium
    Elena Alfonso
    Community and Interculturality in Dialogue.2025; 5: 129.     CrossRef
  • The Effect of Immediate Skin‐to‐Skin Contact on Exclusive Breastfeeding: An Instrumental Variable Approach
    Sangyun Lee, Yongnam Kim
    Acta Paediatrica.2025; 114(9): 2367.     CrossRef
  • 2,940 View
  • 183 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Assessment of Health Literacy in Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening
Hye Sook Shin, Eunlim Chi, Hae-Ra Han
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(6):769-781.   Published online December 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21108
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
Health literacy is a significant determinant of health and health behaviors such as cancer screening. Despite its significance, there are limited instruments available to assess health literacy targeting Koreans. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of Korean translation of a validated health literacy instrument in cancer screening—Korean version of assessment of health literacy in breast and cervical cancer screening (K-AHL-C).
Methods
A total of 555 women aged 20~65 participated in the online survey study. Of 52 items addressing five domains included in the original version, we focused on 36 items addressing three key domains closely associated with cancer screening: familiarity, health navigation, and comprehension.
Results
During content validation, two items from the health navigation domain were removed, yielding 34 items. Using Rasch analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, we found the evidence of construct validity of K-AHL-C. The Korean version was also significantly correlated with measures of Functional Health Literacy scale, cancer prevention behaviors, and subjective health status, suggesting convergent validities respectively. Finally, K-AHL-C had acceptable reliability coefficients (α) ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 for each domain and the total scale.
Conclusion
These psychometric properties support the K-AHL-C is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring Koreans’ health literacy in cancer screening. Also it is expected to use the instrument to detect breast and cervical cancer early and improve the screening rate, and ultimately to contribute to the promotion of women's health and women's health nursing practice.

Citations

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  • Web-Based Delivery of an Effective Church-Based Intervention Program to Promote Cancer Screening (Community-based Health litEracy-focused intervention for breast and cervical Cancer Control) Among Korean Immigrant Women in the United States: Randomized Co
    Hae-Ra Han, Yoon-Jae Lee, Deborah Min, Joyline Chepkorir, DaSol Amy Hwang, Steve Chae
    JMIR Human Factors.2025; 12: e66092.     CrossRef
  • Associations and gender differences between OHI-seeking behaviors and eHealth literacy among Chinese university students
    Jie Chen, Hua Tian
    Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Health Information Seeking Pathways and Factors Influencing Health Literacy Among Cancer Patients: Based on Data from the 2nd Korean Health Panel 2021
    Yun-La Hur, Eun-Jeong Hong
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2024; 24(3): 155.     CrossRef
  • A Psychometric Validation of the Korean Version of Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale for Nursing Students
    Sung Hae Kim
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 2804.     CrossRef
  • Health literacy measures in South Korea: A scoping review
    Heeran Chun, Su Hyun Kim, Eunja Park
    Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(4): 39.     CrossRef
  • Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Climate, Health, and Nursing Tool
    Da Woon Jeong, Gwang Suk Kim, Min Kyung Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(2): 173.     CrossRef
  • 2,632 View
  • 49 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
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The Lived Experience of Body Alteration and Body Image with Regard to Immediate Breast Reconstruction among Women with Breast Cancer
Jeonghee Ahn, Eunyoung E. Suh
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(2):245-259.   Published online April 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21028
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of body alteration and body image with regard to immediate breast reconstruction among women with breast cancer.
Methods
Data were collected from July to December 2020 through individual in-depth interviews with 15 women who had undergone immediate breast reconstruction due to breast cancer. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis.
Results
The following four theme clusters emerged. First, “revalued meaning of breasts due to cancer” illustrated the fact that cancer removal surgery brought the participants to reconsider the meaning of their breasts. Second, “had no choice but breast reconstruction” demonstrated the participants’ decision-making process of not wanting to lose breasts. Third, “unsatisfied breasts despite reconstruction” portrayed the distress due to the unexpected surgical outcomes. Finally, “restarted everyday routines with the altered body” described the healing process of the participants by accepting their changed body.
Conclusion
In Korea, where family-centeredness and fidelity are highly valued, women perceived their breasts not only as a symbol of femininity but as the mediator connecting the self to family. Despite the distress related to imperfect breasts, the participants were thankful for their reconstructed breasts. Breast reconstruction helped them return to daily life as the psychological trauma of breast cancer was healed. The participants rebuilt their body image by accepting their scarred new body. This may allow health professionals to provide constructive and culturally appropriate counseling in advance by providing insight into women’s perception of their body image with regard to breast reconstruction.

Citations

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  • Mental health in female breast cancer survivors post-mastectomy: A structural model based on Roy's adaptation model
    Hyeng Sook Yoon, Eunjung Ryu
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2025; 12: 100820.     CrossRef
  • Categorising Subjective Perceptions of Middle-Aged Breast Cancer Patients Using Q Methodology
    Min-Jeung Shim, Song-Yi Lee, Oh-Sun Ha
    Healthcare.2024; 12(18): 1873.     CrossRef
  • Body Acceptance Scale for Women with Breast Cancer: Development and Validation of a Measurement
    Jeonghee Ahn, Eunyoung E. Suh
    Seminars in Oncology Nursing.2023; 39(5): 151486.     CrossRef
  • Influence of body image on quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing breast reconstruction: Mediating of self‐esteem
    Yunhee Jang, Mihyeon Seong, Sohyune Sok
    Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(17-18): 6366.     CrossRef
  • Body acceptance in women with breast cancer: A concept analysis using a hybrid model
    Jeonghee Ahn, Eunyoung E. Suh
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 62: 102269.     CrossRef
  • A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prepectoral single-stage breast reconstruction
    Jiameng Liu, Xiaobin Zheng, Shunguo Lin, Hui Han, Chunsen Xu
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2022; 30(7): 5659.     CrossRef
  • 2,517 View
  • 86 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
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Information Resource Network Analysis of Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Planning and Duration
Eunyoung Lee, Insook Cho, Seong Jin Cho, Eunju Lee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(2):232-244.   Published online April 30, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20280
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to identify the modifiable factors affecting breastfeeding planning and duration among healthy mothers and their use of breastfeeding information resources.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a community setting. Four hundreds participants were recruited at five pediatric clinics and three community health centers located in Paju-si and Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, between January and May 2019. Based on the breastfeeding decision-making model, driven by Martens and Young’s work, the survey items consisted of demographics, childbirth and breastfeeding characteristics, and breastfeeding information resources. In the analysis, 389 responses were used in the t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. Information resource networks were compared before and after childbirth including a subgroup analysis depending on the breastfeeding duration.
Results
The modifiable factors affecting breastfeeding planning and duration were antenatal and postpartum breastfeeding education and the provision of information in the hospital. The frequency of Internet use and websites visited were notable and potentially modifiable factors, which were also observed in the networks showing different relationship patterns according to participant subgroups and times. The childbirth event increased the centralization of the network in the planned group, while the network of the non-planned group was more diffused after childbirth. The network of the short-term breastfeeding group was characterized by a more centralized pattern and the resources of high betweenness centrality than the long-term group.
Conclusion
Breastfeeding education is a consistent factor that affects breastfeeding behavior. A well-designed internet-based approach would be an effective nursing intervention to meet the needs of women seeking breastfeeding information and changing their behaviors.

Citations

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  • Survey on the Status of Breastfeeding in Korean Medical Institution Workers
    Tae Hyeong Kim, Sung-Hoon Chung, Jun Hwan Kim, Youngmin Ahn, Son Moon Shin, Woo Ryoung Lee, Eui Kyung Choi, Juyoung Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Euiseok Jung, Ju Sun Heo, Jin A Lee, Soon Min Lee, Seong Phil Bae, Jeonglyn Song, Chae-Young Kim, Dae Yong Yi
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea
    Yong-Sung Choi, Sung-Hoon Chung, Eun Sun Kim, Eun Hee Lee, Euiseok Jung, So Yeon Lee, Wooryoung Lee, Hye Sun Yoon, Yong Joo Kim, Ji Kyoung Park, Son Moon Shin, Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim
    Neonatal Medicine.2022; 29(1): 28.     CrossRef
  • Breastfeeding Success Experience of Primiparas
    Sun Ok Lee, Sung Soon Na, Hee Sook Kim, Kyung Eui Bae, Mi Sun Youn, Eun Ju Oh
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2022; 26(4): 254.     CrossRef
  • Breastfeeding experiences of women with gestational diabetes
    Seungmi Park, Soo-Young Yu
    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2021; 27(3): 274.     CrossRef
  • 1,524 View
  • 24 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
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Effect of Direct Breastfeeding Program for Premature Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Ji Hyun Kang, Hyunmi Son, Shin Yun Byun, Gyumin Han
J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(1):119-132.   Published online February 28, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20240
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aimed to identify the effects of a direct breastfeeding program for premature infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Methods
This quasi-experimental study was conducted during August 2016 to April 2017. Sixty mothers of premature infants were assigned to the experimental (n = 31) or control groups (n = 29). The program was comprised of breastfeeding education and direct breastfeeding support. The experimental and control groups were provided with education and counseling on breastfeeding at the time of admission and discharge. In the experimental group, the mothers initiated oral feeding with direct breastfeeding and engaged in breastfeeding at least seven times during the NICU stay. The collected data were analyzed by the χ2 -test and repeated measures ANOVA using an SPSS program.
Results
The experimental group showed a higher direct breastfeeding practice rate (χ2 = 19.29, p < .001), breastfeeding continuation rate (χ2 = 3.76, p < .001), and self-efficacy (F = 25.37, p < .001) than the control group except for maternal attachment.
Conclusion
The direct breastfeeding program in the NICU has significant effects on the practice and continuation rate of breastfeeding and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Therefore, this program can be applied in the NICU settings where direct breastfeeding is limited.

Citations

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  • Exploration of Family-Centered Care in NICUs: A Grounded Theory Methodology
    Young Ah Park, YeoJin Im
    Qualitative Health Research.2025; 35(10-11): 1231.     CrossRef
  • Fresh Parent’s Own Milk for Preterm Infants: Barriers and Future Opportunities
    Carrie-Ellen Briere, Jessica Gomez
    Nutrients.2024; 16(3): 362.     CrossRef
  • Development and Effectiveness Evaluation of Comprehensive Mobile-Based, Breastfeeding Promotion Program for Mothers with Gestational Diabetes
    Eunju Kwak, Seungmi Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(2): 224.     CrossRef
  • 3,169 View
  • 168 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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Original Articles
The Effects of Utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support on Health Behavior and Body Mass Index among Breast Cancer Survivors
Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Hyun Yul Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(5):550-561.   Published online January 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.5.550
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to identify the effects of utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support (SAPS) on health behavior and body mass index (BMI) among overweight or obese breast cancer survivors (BCS).

Methods

A nonequivalent control group with a non-synchronized design was utilized and 36 participants (experimental group 14, control group 22) were recruited from August 2017 to September 2018. Participants were 40~65 years old, overweight or obese, had completed primary cancer treatment within the 12 months prior to the study, and had not done regular exercise during the last 6 months. The 3-month SAPS consisted of exercise and diet education (once p/2 weeks), peer support (once p/week), and self-monitoring using smartphone applications (5 times p/week). All participants underwent assessments at baseline, right after SAPS, and at 3 months after SAPS. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

At the completion of SAPS significant differences were found between groups in motivation for exercise (t=-3.24, p=.005), physical activity (t=-4.15, p<.001), total calorie intake (t=3.42, p=.002), calories from fat (t=-3.01, p=.005), intake of vegetables (t=-2.83, p=.008), and BMI (t=5.21, p<.001). Significant differences in BMI (t=4.13, p<.001) remained up to 3 months after SAPS completion. No significant differences was shown between groups in self-efficacy for exercise, either immediately after or 3 months after SAPS.

Conclusion

The SAPS has the potential to improve motivation for exercise, health behavior, and BMI of BCS. However, special efforts are required to encourage participants to complete the intervention and maintain long-term effects for future trials.

Citations

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  • EHealth intervention for quality of life in long-term breast cancer survivors: randomized controlled trial
    Gustavo Adolfo Pimentel-Parra, Nelia Soto-Ruiz, Paula Escalada-Hernández, Leticia San Martín-Rodríguez, Cristina García-Vivar
    JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of Mobile App–Based Dietary Interventions Among Cancer Survivors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Krista Ching Wai Chung, Naomi Takemura, Wendy Wing Tak Lam, Mandy Man Ho, Antoinette Marie Lee, Wynnie Yuen Yee Chan, Daniel Yee Tak Fong
    JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2025; 13: e65505.     CrossRef
  • Development and Evaluation of an App-Based Self-Management Program for Exercise Practice of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial
    Suyoun Maeng, Jungok Yu
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(2): 250.     CrossRef
  • Effects of an integrated lifestyle intervention for overweight and obese breast cancer survivors: A quasi-experimental study
    Su Jin Seo, Ju-Hee Nho
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2024; 73: 102714.     CrossRef
  • User evaluation of a mobile education application for the management of metabolic syndrome among cancer survivors
    Ji-Su Kim, Minhae Kim, Yeji Seo
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 63: 102276.     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of Digital Health on the Quality of Life of Long-Term Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review
    Gustavo Adolfo Pimentel-Parra, M. Nelia Soto-Ruiz, Leticia San Martín-Rodríguez, Paula Escalada-Hernández, Cristina García-Vivar
    Seminars in Oncology Nursing.2023; 39(4): 151418.     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of a virtual reality application‐based education programme on patient safety management for nursing students: A pre‐test–post‐test study
    Jae Woo Oh, Ji Eun Kim
    Nursing Open.2023; 10(12): 7622.     CrossRef
  • Effects of smart-care services program for breast cancer survivors
    Bok Yae Chung, Sung Jung Hong
    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2021; 27(2): 95.     CrossRef
  • The development of a lifestyle modification mobile application, “Health for You” for overweight and obese breast cancer survivors in Korea
    Su-Jin Seo, Ju-Hee Nho, Youngsam Park
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2021; 27(3): 243.     CrossRef
  • Peer‐supported lifestyle interventions on body weight, energy intake, and physical activity in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Siew Lim, Wai Kit Lee, Andy Tan, Mingling Chen, Chau Thien Tay, Surbhi Sood, Stephanie Pirotta, Lisa J. Moran, Meena Daivadanam, Ljoudmila Busija, Helen Skouteris, Mamaru A. Awoke, Briony Hill
    Obesity Reviews.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Application and evaluation of mobile nutrition management service for breast cancer patients
    Ji Hee Choi, Seon-Joo Park, Hee Kwon, Hae-Jeung Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 83.     CrossRef
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  • 25 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
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A Structural Model for Chemotherapy Related Cognitive Impairment and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients
Jung Ran Lee, Pok Ja Oh
J Korean Acad Nurs 2019;49(4):375-385.   Published online January 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.4.375
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

This study aimed to develop and test a structural model for chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment of breast cancer patients based on a literature review and Hess and Insel's chemotherapy-related cognitive change model.

Methods

The Participants consisted of 250 patients who were ≥19 years of age. The assessment tools included the Menopause Rating Scale, Symptom Experience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Everyday Cognition, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs.

Results

The modified model was a good fit for the data. The model fit indices were χ 2=423.18 (p<.001), χ 2/df=3.38, CFI=.91, NFI=.91, TLI=.89, SRMR=.05, RMSEA=.09, and AIC=515.18. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment was directly influenced by menopausal symptoms (β=.38, p=.002), depression and anxiety (β=.25, p=.002), and symptom experiences (β=.19, p=.012). These predictors explained 47.7% of the variance in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety mediated the relations among menopausal symptoms, symptom experiences, and with chemotherapy related cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety (β=-.51, p=.001), symptom experiences (β=-.27, p=.001), menopausal symptoms (β=-.22, p=.008), and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (β=-.15, p=.024) had direct effects on the quality of life and these variables explained 91.3%.

Conclusion

These results suggest that chemotherapy-related toxicity is highly associated with cognitive decline and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Depression and anxiety increased vulnerability to cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. Nursing intervention is needed to relieve chemotherapy-related toxicity and psychological factor as well as cognitive decline for quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

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  • Analysis of Breast Cancer Nursing Education Content and Educational needs for Breast Cancer Patient Nursing Perceived by Nurses
    Young-Hee Je, Kyoung-Ah Kang
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2025; 25(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Impact of social support on cognitive function in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: The chain-mediating role of fatigue and depression
    Yuanqi Ding, Qingmei Huang, Fulei Wu, Yang Yang, Ling Wang, Xuqian Zong, Xiaoyan Yu, Changrong Yuan
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2025; 12: 100743.     CrossRef
  • Factors Influencing Oncofertility in Gynecological Cancer Patients: Application of Mixed Methods Study
    Minji Kim, Juyoung Ha
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(3): 418.     CrossRef
  • Relationships Between Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment, Self-Care Ability, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Nan Wu, Ze Luan, Zijun Zhou, He Wang, Shiyuan Du, Yulu Chen, Xinxin Wang, Jiong Li, Xin Peng
    Seminars in Oncology Nursing.2024; 40(5): 151690.     CrossRef
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    Yu Dong, Hao Huang, Aiping Wang
    BMJ Open.2024; 14(4): e078934.     CrossRef
  • Factors Associated with Self-reported Memory Problems of Adult Cancer Survivors Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019
    Sangjin Ko
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(1): 51.     CrossRef
  • Impact of nonpharmacological interventions on cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Jin-Hee Park, Su Jin Jung, Lena J. Lee, Junghyun Rhu, Sun Hyoung Bae
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 10(4): 100212.     CrossRef
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    Myoung Soo Kim, Ju-Yeon Uhm
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2022; 30(9): 7773.     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Influence of Rehabilitation on Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Clinical Study
    Teresa Paolucci, Aristide Saggino, Francesco Agostini, Marco Paoloni, Andrea Bernetti, Massimiliano Mangone, Valter Santilli, Raoul Saggini, Marco Tommasi
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8585.     CrossRef
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Psychoeducational Approach to Distress Management of Newly Diagnosed Patients with Breast Cancer
Jin-Hee Park, Mison Chun, Yong Sik Jung, Sun Hyoung Bae, Young-Mi Jung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(6):669-678.   Published online January 15, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.6.669
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of integrated psychoeducational program for distress management of newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer.

Methods

A quasi-experimental trial was conducted. The participants consisted of 47 female patients with breast cancer assigned to an intervention group (n=25) and control group (n=22). The intervention group participated in integrated psychoeducational program, consisting of individual face-to-face education and telephone-delivered health-coaching sessions. Data were collected at three time points: pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2), and 6-month follow-up (T3). Study instruments were Distress thermometer, Supportive Care Needs Survey Short Form 34 and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast.

Results

Compared with the control group, breast cancer patients in the intervention group reported lower distress and supportive care needs than the control group. The intervention group reported higher quality of life (QOL) overall and higher emotional well-being than the control group.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that the integrated psychoeducational program is an effective intervention for reducing distress and supportive care needs and increasing QOL of newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer. Oncology nurses need to provide psychoeducational intervention to support patients with breast cancer in managing their distress and helping them adjust to their life.

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    Young-Hee Je, Kyoung-Ah Kang
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    Nam Mi Kang, Won-Ho Hahn, Suyeon Park, Jung Eun Lee, Young Bum Yoo, Chung Ja Ryoo
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7532.     CrossRef
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Symptom Distress and Coping in Young Korean Breast Cancer Survivors: The Mediating Effects of Social Support and Resilience
Ji Hyun Lee, Hye Young Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(2):241-253.   Published online January 15, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.2.241
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to test the mediating effect of social support and resilience on the relationship between symptom distress and coping in young Korean breast cancer survivors.

Methods

A purposive sample of 209 young breast-cancer survivors (mean age 39.9) was recruited for a cross-sectional survey, and the data were collected between June and October 2015. The instruments used in this study were the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Cancer Coping Questionnaire. The collected data were then analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 programs.

Results

Symptom distress was found to have a significant indirect effect on coping (beta=-.32, p=.002), but not a significant direct effect (beta=.06, p=.577). Additionally, based on the values obtained for the squared multiple correlation, symptom distress, social support, and resilience were found to explain 46.4% of the total variance of coping.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that in order to enhance young breast cancer survivors’ ability to cope with the distress they commonly feel, intervention methods that strengthen resilience and provide social support should be developed and made available to them.

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    Hye Young Min, Yoonjung Kim, Hae Jeong An
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    Sajad Ahmad Salati, Lamees Alsulaim, Mariyyah H Alharbi, Norah H Alharbi, Thana M Alsenaid, Shoug A Alaodah, Abdulsalam S Alsuhaibani, Khalid A Albaqami
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    Shaochun Liu, Runze Huang, Anlong Li, Sheng Yu, Senbang Yao, Jian Xu, Lingxue Tang, Wen Li, Chen Gan, Huaidong Cheng
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Impact of Uncertainty on the Quality of Life of Young Breast Cancer Patients: Focusing on Mediating Effect of Marital Intimacy
Yeong Kyong Oh, Seon Young Hwang
J Korean Acad Nurs 2018;48(1):50-58.   Published online January 15, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2018.48.1.50
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of marital intimacy on the impact of uncertainty on the quality of life (QoL) of young breast cancer patients.

Methods

This study used a pathway analysis with 154 young breast cancer cases in their early diagnosis stage at a medical center in Korea. Data were collected from November 2016 to February 2017 and analyzed using correlation analysis and pathway analysis.

Results

Uncertainty, marital intimacy, and 4 sub-scales of QoL showed a significant correlation. Marital intimacy was directly affected by uncertainty (b=-.39, p=.013) and 4 sub-scales of QoL were also affected by uncertainty. Among the 4 sub-scales of QoL, physical well-being (PWB) (b=.17, p=.026), social well-being (SWB) (b=.49, p=.010), and functional well-being (FWB) (b=.38, p=.009) were affected by marital intimacy but emotional well-being (EWB) was not affected by it. The mediating effect of marital intimacy on the impact of uncertainty on QoL was confirmed. Marital intimacy showed a significant indirect effect on PWB (b=-.07, p=.024), SWB (b=-.19, p=.008), and FWB (b=-.15, p=.005), and it means that marital intimacy has a partial mediating effect on the impact of uncertainty on PWB, SWB, and FWB.

Conclusion

Effects of uncertainty on QoL was mediated by marital intimacy of young breast cancer patients in their early diagnosis stage. It suggests that marital intimacy needs to be considered in providing nursing intervention for young breast cancer patients.

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    Rosa Herminia Pastuña-Doicela, Olivia Inés Sanhueza-Alvarado
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    Rosa Herminia Pastuña-Doicela, Olivia Inés Sanhueza-Alvarado
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    Hyesoon Lee, Hyeon Gyeong Yoon
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 10(5): 100228.     CrossRef
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    Yu-Jung Son, Keum-Hee Nam, JaeLan Shim
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    Mihyeon Park, Sukhee Ahn
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2023; 29(4): 302.     CrossRef
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    Hyenam Hwang, Yoonshin Lee
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2023; 23(4): 177.     CrossRef
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    Jeonghee Ahn, Kyoung-eun Lee
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    Silvia Cerea, Maria Sansoni, Giovanni Scarzello, Elena Groff, Marta Ghisi
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The Effect of Supportive Nursing on the Stress Reaction of Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Jum Hee Park
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(4):912-922.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.4.912
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of supportive nursing one stress reaction of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The nonequivalent control group pre-test/post-test design was used for this experimental study. The subjects were 32 patients who were receiving chemotherapy after mastectomies at K hospital in Taegu from June, 1994 to June 1995. Among 32 subjects, 16 were placed in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The experimental and control groups were tested for general characteristics, trait anxiety, health locus of control, family support, state anxiety, hopelessness, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. Collected data was analyzed by means of a chisquare test and a t-test for the comparative analysis of the general characteristics and homogeneity of subjects. ANOVA, and MANOVA were used for testing the hypothesis. Reliability of the tools were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The hypothesis ; The stress reaction of the experimental group which took supportive nursing was lower than the stress reaction of the control group ; this was supported statistically. The main variable influenced in stress reaction was hopelessness. Supportive nursing for breast cancer patients, who are receiving chemotherapy, was especially effective in the reduction of hopelessness compared to state anxiety, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. 2. An analysis of the difference on stress reaction, according to the frequency of supportive nursing between the control and experimental group showed the level of hopelessness of the experimental group was lower than the control group after four supportive meeting sessions. But there was no statistical difference in state anxiety, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. In conclusion, this study supported utilization of supportive care as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of the System-Developmental Stress Model developed by Chrisman and Riehl-Sisca.

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Prediction of Breastfeeding Intentions and Behavior: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Hea Sook Kim, Eun Sook Nam
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(4):796-806.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.4.796
AbstractAbstract PDF

The majority of studies on breastfeeding consists of descriptive correlational studies identifying the incidence and correlates of breastfeeding. The theory of planned behavior has been shown to yield great predictive power for behavioral goals over which individuals have only limited control such as improving school grades and weight loss. The purpose of this study was to test the "theory of planned behavior" in the prediction of breastfeeding of mothers who delivered vaginally. One hundred mothers who delivered vaginally in one general hospital in Seoul and one general hospital and three private hospitals in Taejeon participated in this study. The instruments used for data collection in this study were developed by the researchers following the guidelines suggested by Ajzen and Fishbein(1980) and Ajzen and Madden(1986). The instruments included measurement of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and intention. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation, hierachical multiple regression and logistic regression. The results are as follows : 1. Intention to breastfeed correlated significantly with attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. Both attitude and subjective norm did not make a significant contribution to the prediction of intention, but the addition of perceived behavioral control to the regression equation greatly improved the model's predictive power, increasing the R(2) from .05 to .52. 2. Intention to breastfeed alone had a significant predictive effect on actual breastfeeding, resulting in a regression coefficient of .16(x2=8.60, p<.01), but when perceived behavioral control was added to the equation, intention was not a significant predictive variable and only perceived behavioral control showed significant predictive power on actual breastfeeding, resulting in a regression coefficient of .12(x2=4.68, p<.05). In sum, breastfeeding behavior lent only partial support to the second version of the theory of planned to the second version of the theory of planned behavior, and because perceived behavioral control had a strong effect on intention to breastfeed and actual breastfeeding, it would be desirable to develop nursing intervention programs which focus on strengthening the perceived behavioral control for the promotion of breastfeeding.

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  • Examination of Predicting Factors for COVID-19 Vaccination Behaviors of University Students Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior
    Yeon Jeong Heo, Hye-Jin Hyun
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2024; 54(2): 178.     CrossRef
  • The Factors related to Mothers' Intention to Vaccinate against Hepatitis A: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior
    Kyeong-Sook Cha, Kyung Mi Kim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(1): 1.     CrossRef
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    Sun-Hee Kim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(1): 65.     CrossRef
  • A Structural Model for Primiparas' Breastfeeding Behavior
    Hyun-Joo Yang, Ji-Min Seo
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2013; 43(3): 399.     CrossRef
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A Study of Primiparous Womens' Breastfeeding Experience
Shin Jeong Kim, Sook Ja Yang
Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(3):477-488.   Published online March 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.3.477
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to understand the subjective breastfeeding experience of primiparous women to identify how breastfeeding was started and to explore the process of breastfeeding. The Grounded theory methodology was used. Data was collected from 6 primiparous women who had breastfeed their infants for at least over 8 weeks, recently breastfeeding or having breatfeed their infants within the last 6 months. With the permission of the subjects, the interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data were analysed in the framework of grounded theory method as mapped out by Strauss and Corbin(1990). 105 concepts and 21 subcategories were of data analysis. In the process of data analysis, "Identity as a mother" was found to be the core phenomenon. The 21 sub-categories were as follows : natural food, neighbour inducement, self purpose, good feeling, tenderness, breast pain, change of breast shape, physical discomfort, loss of physical energy, confirmation of adhesion, one body through coupling, tie, capacity, role performance, mental comfort, healthy mother, healthy infant, confidence of breast milk, feeling of satisfaction. The sub-categories were again grouped into 14 categories including infant nutritious food, formation of breastfeeding opportunity, feeling of satisfaction, injury of the breast, physical suffering, awareness of mothering, formation of maternal affection, connecting, coupling, acceptance, effort, emotional stability, mother and child health and feeling of achievement.

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  • Breastfeeding Success Experience of Primiparas
    Sun Ok Lee, Sung Soon Na, Hee Sook Kim, Kyung Eui Bae, Mi Sun Youn, Eun Ju Oh
    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2022; 26(4): 254.     CrossRef
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Information and Social Support Regarding Breastfeeding: A Survey of Mothers in Seoul, South Korea
Heasook Kim, Andrea Crivelli Kovach
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(7):1151-1159.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.7.1151
AbstractAbstract PDF

BACKGROUND: Pediatric societies throughout the world recommend breastfeeding as the optimal form of infant nutrition. This recommendation is based on extensive epidemiologic research that documents the health, developmental, psychological, social, economic, and environmental benefits to infants, mothers, families, and society. The purpose of this study was to examine breastfeeding information and emotional support received by mothers prenatally, hospital breastfeeding practices, and the relationship between information and support received and breastfeeding initiation and planned feeding method post discharge from the hospital.
METHODS
A 36-item questionnaire was distributed during the Spring 2000 to mothers who delivered babies at maternity centers in Seoul, South Korea. A sample of 52 mothers was surveyed at the time of hospital discharge. The questionnaire was developed based on the literature and reviewed by experts including internationally board certified lactation consultants, a nutritionist, and perinatal nurses. The survey instrument consists of five components: sociodemographic information, breastfeeding information received by mothers prenatally, emotional support regarding the mothers' infant feeding choice, breastfeeding initiation and supplementation, and hospital breastfeeding practices.
RESULTS
Fifty-two breastfeeding mothers at three hospitals completed the survey. The majority of the mothers were 26 to 35 years of age, college graduates, married, had uncomplicated vaginal or planned cesarean deliveries, and primiparas. Forty-nine mothers responded that they decided to breastfeed during their pregnancy. Mothers reported that the information they received during pregnancy was provided primarily by their mothers, or friends and other relatives. The majority of mothers reported that others influenced their infant-feeding decision. Forty mothers reported receiving emotional support for their infant feeding choice during their pregnancy with mothers or mothers-in-law and friends providing the greatest support.
DISCUSSION
Women obtain information prenatally about breastfeeding from many sources-family, friends, written materials, prenatal classes, and health care professionals. There are benefits and drawbacks to information received from multiple sources. Additionally, research has shown that a woman's infant-feeding decision is affected by the type of professional and social support the mother receives. Postpartum professional support for new breastfeeding mothers encompasses multiple dimensions ranging from a follow-up telephone call from the hospital nursing staff to referral to a community resource. Prenatal breastfeeding education on a community-wide basis can provide essential information for future mothers, families, and community support networks. Additional research needs to be done exploring the impact of prenatal, postpartum, and post-discharge support for women on breastfeeding initiation and duration rates.

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  • The Effect of Immediate Skin‐to‐Skin Contact on Exclusive Breastfeeding: An Instrumental Variable Approach
    Sangyun Lee, Yongnam Kim
    Acta Paediatrica.2025; 114(9): 2367.     CrossRef
  • Postnatal women’s breastfeeding beliefs, practices, and support during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional comparative study across five countries
    K. P. Coca, E. Y. Lee, L. Y. Chien, A. C. P. Souza, P. Kittikul, S. A. Hong, Y. S. Chang
    International Breastfeeding Journal.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Gun Ja Jang, Sun Hee Kim, Kyung Soon Jeong
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(1): 172.     CrossRef
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Effects of Exercise on Cardiopulmonary Functions and Shoulder Joint Functioning in Breast Cancer Patients undergoing Radiation Therapy after Breast Surgery
Young Ran Chae, Myoung Ae Choe
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2001;31(3):454-466.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2001.31.3.454
AbstractAbstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise program on cardiopulmonary functions and shoulder joint functioning in breast cancer patients who under- went radiation therapy after surgery. METHOD: Subjects in the experimental group(N=12) participated in an exercise program for eight weeks. The Exercise program consisted of shoulder stretching, arm weight training, and walking on treadmill. Maximal oxygen uptake(o2max), maximal running time, shoulder joint range of motion, and shoulder functional assessment were determined before and after the exercise program. Baseline sociodemographic and medical data were compared between experimental group and control group using the Fisher's exact test and Mann- Whitney U test. For effects of the exercise program, repeated measures ANOVA were used. RESULT: 1) Following the exercise program for eight weeks, both o2 max and maximal running time tended to increase in experimental group comparing with the control group. 2) Shoulder abduction, extension and flexion of the operated upper extremity in the experimental group comparing with control significantly increased after the exercise program(p<0.05). 3) Shoulder flexion of the normal upper extremity in the experimental group comparing with control significantly increased after the exercise program(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The
results
suggest that the exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy after breast surgery can improve shoulder functions and increase cardiopulmonary functions, which are maximal oxygen uptake and maximal running time.

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    Physical Therapy Korea.2012; 19(1): 56.     CrossRef
  • Exercise interventions for upper-limb dysfunction due to breast cancer treatment
    Margaret L McNeely, Kristin Campbell, Maria Ospina, Brian H Rowe, Kelly Dabbs, Terry P Klassen, John Mackey, Kerry Courneya
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2010;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of comprehensive group rehabilitation for women with early breast cancer in South Korea
    Ok‐Hee Cho, Yang‐Sook Yoo, Nam‐Cho Kim
    Nursing & Health Sciences.2006; 8(3): 140.     CrossRef
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Effect of Aromatherapy Massage on the Mood, the Milk ejection Reflex, and the Immunoglobulin A of the Breast Milk of Mothers with a Cesarean Section Delivery
Sung Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(5):1357-1367.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.5.1357
AbstractAbstract

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to explore the effect of aromatherapy massage on the mood, the milk ejection reflex, and the immunoglobulin A of the breast milk of mothers who gave birth through a Cesarean section delivery. Twenty mothers who had Cesarean section were selected as an experimental group, and twenty-two were in the control group. Lavander and Rosemary oil mixed with Jojova carrier oil was used to massage the back, both axillar and breasts. Aromatherapy massage was done once a day for 20 minutes by the researcher. Each session consisted of 4 minutes for warm-up, 14 minutes for massage and 2 minutes for closure. The levels of IgA within the breast milk was analyzed by an immunoturbidimeter assay (Cobas INTEGRA, Roche, Swiss) before and after aromatherapy massage. Mood and milk ejection reflex were measured by self-reports at the same time. The data were analyzed using SPSS 7.5 and the hypotheses were tested by ANCOVA and the Pearson coefficient correlation. The results were as follows: 1) Score of mood increased significantly after the use of aromatherapy massage. 2) Score of milk ejection reflex increased significantly after the use of aromatherapy massage. 3) Level of IgA of breast milk did not change significantly after the use of aromatherapy massage. 4) After the use of aromatherapy massage, there wasn't any correlation among mood, milk ejection reflex, and level of IgA of breast milk. In conclusion, the results suggest that aromatherapy massage is an effective nursing intervention to enhance the mood and the milk ejection reflex and to increase the rate of breastfeeding in the breastfeeding mothers under stresses like a Cesarean section.

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Mediation Effect of Hope between Fatigue and Psychosoical Adjustment in Women with Breast Cancer
Eun Hyun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(4):857-868.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.4.857
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of the present study is to identify the mediation effect of hope between fatigue and psychosocial adjustment in women with breast cancer. The framework for this study was guided by concepts and propositions derived from the theoretical and empirical literature on fatigue, hope and adjustment. The design of this study is a descriptive correlation study using a cross-sectional design. One hundred and twenty two outpatients with early breast cancer, receiving post-surgical radiation therapy or chemotherapy, were selected from three major medical centers in Seoul, Korea. A packet including PABCF (Psychosoical Adjustment to Breast Cancer Factor), revised RPFS (Revised Piper Fatigue Scale), HHI (Herth Hope Index), and self-addressed return envelope was given to the participants at seven to eight weeks post surgery. The questionnaires were to be completed at home and returned to the researcher by mail. The obtained data were analyzed using three regression equations guided by Baron and Kenny (1986); first, hope was regressed on fatigue; second, psychosocial adjustment was regressed on fatigue; and third, psychosocial adjustment was regressed on fatigue and hope, simultaneously. In the first equation, fatigue explained 4% of the variance in hope. In the second equation, fatigue explained 47% of the variance in psychosocial adjustment. In the last equation, hope and fatigue significantly explained the variance in psychosocial adjustment. Therefore, all conditions for the test of mediation effect of hope were satisfied. For the test of the mediation effect, the beta coefficients of fatigue on psychosocial adjustment on the second and third regression equations were compared. The beta coefficients were decreased from .69 (p < .001) on the second regression equation to .63 (p < .001) on the third regression equation. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was supported. As a result of this study, the negative Influence of fatigue on psychosocial adjustment is dampened through the mediator effect of hope in women with breast cancer. Therefore, when planning care for the adverse effect of fatigue on psychosocial adjustment, oncology nurses should consider hope as a mediator between fatigue and psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer.

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  • Relationship of Spiritual Well-being, Hope on Fatigue in Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy
    So Yeun Jun, Il Sun Ko
    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2012; 24(6): 557.     CrossRef
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The Relationship of Bone Mineral Densities and Period of Breast feeding in Premenopausal Women
Eun Nam Lee, Eun Ok Lee, Gwang Hae Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2000;30(1):29-38.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2000.30.1.29
AbstractAbstract PDF

To determine whether personal history of lactation in premenopausal women influence bone mineral density, a cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred eighty-four premenopausal women were selected from women who had been checked for bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absortiometry in lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site at general hospitals in Seoul and Pusan. They completed a questionnaire including life style factors and reproductive history. In the data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test any association between individual variables and bone mineral density and a statistical comparisons between long term lactation(>24 months) and short term lactation(<24 months) were made by one way analysis of covariance. The results were summarized as follows: 1) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the lumbar vertebrae in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group(>24months) and the short term lactation group(<24months). 2) There was no significant difference in the bone mineral density of the femur neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric site in premenopausal women between the long term lactation group (>24months) and the short term lactation group (<24months). Considering these results, we suggest prospective studies that measure bone mineral density before and after, in addition to those during lactation. We also suggest the further study with premenopausal women less than 35 who have achieved peak adult bone mass.

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  • Uncomfortable Breast Experiences of Breast feeding Mothers
    노승옥, Insook Park, 조광남
    Qualitative Research.2012; 13(2): 131.     CrossRef
  • The Role of Salicornia herbacea in Ovariectomy-Induced Oxidative Stress
    Bae Jin Ha, Sang Hun Lee, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Young Lee
    Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.2006; 29(7): 1305.     CrossRef
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The Meaning of Breastfeeding in Korean Mothers
Shin Jeong Kim, Geum Hee Jeong
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(5):1042-1048.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.5.1042
AbstractAbstract PDF

The Purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of breastfeeding using a phenomenological research methodology. The sample consisted of 9 primiparous mothers who had breastfed their babies at least for 3 consecutive months. Data were collected from January 10 to February 28, 1998 through interviewing. The research question was "What was the meaning of breastfeeding to breastfeeding mothers?" Responses to non-structured open-ended question was audio-recorded during the interview. Data were analyzed using the phenomenological method of Colazzi. From the protocols, significant statements about meaning of breastfeeding were clustered into 8 themes. Mothers perceived meaning of breastfeeding as feeling of unification through tie, expression of love, gift, nutritional supplement, duty as a mother, nurturing, mystery, and identity. From the results of this study, breastfeeding mothers perceived breastfeeding positively, so nurses need to encourage mothers to breastfeed her baby and develop program which can promote successful breastfeeding.

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The Effects of Education on Breast Self-Examination Practices
Kyung Ock Choi, Yeon Ok Suh
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1998;28(3):718-728.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1998.28.3.718
AbstractAbstract PDF

Breast self-examination is the most effective and easiest way for women to increase the responsible consciousness about their health. The purpose of this study was to test the variables impacted to promote breast self-examination practice. The research design used in this study was a nonequivalent control group of a non-synchronized design. The sample that was assembled consisted of 124 women. A purposive sample consisted of 124 omen. Each subject was given to assessed on the following the demographic data relate to the breast self-examination, knowledge of self-examination, accuracy, in performing self-examination, self-efficacy about breast cancer and breast self-examination, and the number of subjects who found a mass. The result of this study may be summarized as follows : 1. To examine the theoretical model fit to the data, chi square test statistics and goodness of fit index were identified(x2=2.30, df=2, GFI=0.99, AGFI=0.94 RMSR=0.02, NFI=0.99, NNFI=0.99, Critical Number=439). 2. The direct effects of education of breast self- examination were knowledge, self-efficacy, accuracy, number finding a mass. But the indirect effect of education in breast self-examination was frequency of breast self-examination. 3. Knowledge, as direct paths to the breast self-examination practices, was removed in the theoretical model. The parsimonious best fit model included self-efficacy, accuracy, the number finding mass, frequency of breast self-examination practices. 4. The final model produced a chi-square=5.58(p=0.35) with df=5, and GFI=0.99 AGFI=0.94, NFI=0.03, NFI=0.99, NNFI=0.99, CN=339 indicating very a good fit. Based on the result of this study, education of breast self-examination is very effective for increasing the competency of the breast self-examination through the knowledge and self-efficacy. Resources to promote self-examination may be helpful to increase the frequency of self-examination because self-efficacy is a direct effort on it. These findings suggest the need t develop nursing strategy to promote the self- efficacy of breast self-examination.

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  • Effects of an Education Program using a Narrative Approach for Women with Breast Cancer
    Myungsun Yi, Young Mi Ryu, Jieun Cha
    Perspectives in Nursing Science.2014; 11(1): 39.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Tailored Message Education About Breast Cancer Risk Appraisal for Obese Korean Women
    SoMi Park, ChaeWeon Chung, Barbara B. Cochrane
    Oncology Nursing Forum.2013; 40(6): E382.     CrossRef
  • Effects of breast health education conducted by trained breast cancer survivors
    Myungsun Yi, Eun Young Park
    Journal of Advanced Nursing.2012; 68(5): 1100.     CrossRef
  • Development of an Integrated Breast Health Program for Prevention of Breast Cancer among Middle-aged Women
    Hea Kung Hur, So Mi Park, Chang Hee Kim, Jong-Ku Park, Sang Baek Koh, Gi Yon Kim
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2009; 15(1): 54.     CrossRef
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Attitudes of Pregnant women's husbands to Breast Feeding
Hae Kyung Chung, Kyung Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1998;28(2):392-402.   Published online March 29, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1998.28.2.392
AbstractAbstract PDF

By using Q-methodology, this study examines the attitudes of pregnant womens' husbands toward breastfeeding. Also, the research provides basic data necessary to develop a strategy for recommending breastfeeding. A total of 112 items for the Q-population were collected from related literature and interviews with the general public, specialists, pregnant women and the general public, specialists, pregnant women and their husbands. Finally, 38 statements were selected. Twenty one husbands of pregnant women classified these statements on each card on a 1 to 9 point scale(forced normal distribution) and wrote the reasons for both the most supported and the mos resisted statements. The materials collected were analyzed by using pc QUANL program. The analysis drew down following fact that even though the attitudes of the husbands of pregnant were very similar, they could be classified to three types according to the motivation and recognition the degree of choosing breastfeeding. Type 1 is the mother's duty supporter, who insists that breastfeeding is completely natural and the proper duty of the mother. Type 2 is the emotional value supporter, who thinks that breastfeeding emotionally affects both the baby and the mother in a positive way. Type 3 is the conditional choice supporter, who chooses the most proper suckling way of feeding according to given conditions.

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Predictors of Participation in Support Groups among Women with Breast Cancer
Jina Oh
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(5):635-644.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.5.635
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study examined what characteristics and variables predict participation in support groups for women with breast cancer.

Method

282 women with breast cancer from 4 hospitals located in Busan were included in the study. Data was measured on each participant from September 2006 to February 2007. Data was collected using structured researcheradministered sheets and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.

Results

The clients reported medium levels of illness perception, anxiety and depression, stress with coping, social support and self-efficacy. 48.9% of women with breast cancer participated in support groups. Significant influencing factors on the participation in support groups were 'operation time(+)', 'illness perception(+)', 'social support(-)', and 'self-efficacy(+)' Those variables explained 73.4%.

Conclusion

It is necessary to develop a strategy or promoting program for promotion of illness perception and self-efficacy of women with breast cancer. Thus, it is essential to provide participation to a support group to a women with breast cancer.

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  • Effects of stress appraisal on the quality of life of adult patients with multiple myeloma and their primary family caregivers in Korea
    In Seo La, Eun Kyoung Yun
    Psycho-Oncology.2017; 26(10): 1640.     CrossRef
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    Sunhwa Shin, Hyojung Park
    Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2017; 14(4): 311.     CrossRef
  • The Experience of Self-help Group Activities among Women with Breast Cancer in Korea
    Myungsun Yi, Young Mi Ryu, Eunkyung Hwang
    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2014; 26(4): 466.     CrossRef
  • Factors influencing health-promoting behaviors in Korean breast cancer survivors
    Myungsun Yi, Jeongeun Kim
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2013; 17(2): 138.     CrossRef
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Predictors of Quality of Life in Women with Breast Cancer
Yeon Ok Suh
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2007;37(4):459-466.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2007.37.4.459
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was to identify predictors of quality of life in breast cancer patients. Physical and pscyhological factors like stress, mood, and fatigue with sociodemographic factors like education, income, job and stage of disease were used to predict quality of life.

Methods

One hundred eleven patients with breast cancer participated in this study? The functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast(FACT-B) was used to assess quality of life.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 46.7 years. The FACT-B mean score was 89.89 (SD:17.31) Education, income, job and stage of disease were significantly associated with QOL. In a regression analysis, mood, income, and fatigue were significant predictors for QOL: where as, stress was not significant. Among the subscales of QOL, physical well-being, functional well-being, emotional well-being, and the breast cancer subscale were included as predictors of QOL

Conclusion

Physical and psychological factors were strong predictors of QOL. These results demonstrate the need for interventions to improve QOL in breast cancer survivors.

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  • The effect of myofascial release in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a cross-over randomized controlled trial
    Yena KIM, Eun Y. PARK, Haneul LEE
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    Hye-Mi Kim, Gyeong-A Park, Jin-Ju Park, Myung-Hwa Oh
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    Hee-Young Kang, Eun-Young Choi
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    YoonHee Jung, Joomin Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(2): 162.     CrossRef
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    Sunhwa Shin, Hyojung Park
    Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2017; 14(4): 311.     CrossRef
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    Jae-Hyun Kim, Eun-Cheol Park
    BMC Public Health.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors Influencing Quality of Life during Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer Patients in South Korea
    Yongae Baek, Myungsun Yi
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(4): 604.     CrossRef
  • Fatigue, Sleep Disturbance, and Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Radiotherapy
    Ran Young Kim, Hyojung Park
    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(2): 188.     CrossRef
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    Soon-Ock Choi, Sook-Nam Kim
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2015; 18(4): 329.     CrossRef
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    Boo Young Ha, Eun Jung Jung, So Young Choi
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2014; 20(1): 83.     CrossRef
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    Jeong-Hwa Lee, Hye-Sun Byun, Gyung-Duck Kim
    The Journal of the Korea Contents Association.2014; 14(7): 356.     CrossRef
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    Haejin Kim, Myungsun Yi
    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(1): 53.     CrossRef
  • The Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Women with Breast Cancer
    Young Mi Ryu, Myungsun Yi
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2013; 13(3): 121.     CrossRef
  • Husbands' Caring Experiences for Women with Breast Cancer in Korea
    Eun Jin Kwon, Myungsun Yi
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2013; 13(1): 18.     CrossRef
  • Distress and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors in Korea
    Eun Jin Kwon, Myungsun Yi
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(4): 289.     CrossRef
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    Kyunghee Kim, Da Hye Park, Darlee Park, Eunjung Ryu
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(4): 339.     CrossRef
  • Impacts of Fatigue, Pain, Anxiety, and Depression on the Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer
    Hye Sun Byun, Gyung Duck Kim
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2012; 12(1): 27.     CrossRef
  • The Influencing Factors on Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors
    Yoon Sun Kim, Young Sook Tae
    Journal of Korean Oncology Nursing.2011; 11(3): 221.     CrossRef
  • Life Experience of Inpatients with Recurrent Breast Cancer
    Young Ju Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(2): 214.     CrossRef
  • Needs of Hospice Care and Quality of Life for Cancer Patients
    In Sun Suh, Mi Hwa Shin, Se Hwa Hong
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2010; 13(2): 89.     CrossRef
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    Eun Hye Ha, Sun Hee Lee, Joon Jeong, Hy De Lee, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Jin Nam, Jung Hyun Yang
    Journal of Breast Cancer.2010; 13(2): 219.     CrossRef
  • Relationships of Lymphedema, the Shoulder Range of Motion, Fatigue and Social Support to the Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer
    Eun-Hyun Lee, Seongmi Moon, Yeongsuk Song, Mison Chun
    Journal of Breast Cancer.2010; 13(2): 212.     CrossRef
  • A Structural Equation Model on Mental Health of Korean Immigrants in Canada
    Jeongyee Bae, Youngsuk Park
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(3): 389.     CrossRef
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    Young Ran Chae, Kumin Seo
    Oncology Nursing Forum.2010; 37(4): E295.     CrossRef
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    Hye Sun Byun, Gyung Duck Kim, Bok Yae Chung, Kyung Hye Kim
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2010; 13(2): 98.     CrossRef
  • Transition of Symptoms and Quality of Life in Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy
    Min Young Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(3): 433.     CrossRef
  • Symptom Experience and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors
    Jin Hee Park, Eun-Young Jun, Mi-Young Kang, Yong-Sik Joung, Gu-Sang Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(5): 613.     CrossRef
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    Eun Ok Lee, Aeyong Eom, Rhayun Song, Young Ran Chae, Paul Lam
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(5): 649.     CrossRef
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Korean Immigrant Women's Meanings of Breast, Breast Cancer, and Breast Cancer Screenings
Eunyoung Eunice Suh
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2006;36(4):604-611.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.4.604
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

Koreans are one of the fastest growing Asian populations in the U.S. since 1960s. In Korean immigrant women (KIW), breast cancer was reported as the most frequently diagnosed cancer. However, their screening rates for breast cancer are lower than national guidelines; it is assumed that underlying cultural schemas of breast, breast cancer, and its screening modalities exist and need to be studied. This study was aimed to investigate cultural meanings of breast, breast cancer, and breast cancer screenings in KIW.

Methods

Using cultural models theory from cognitive anthropology, naturalistic qualitative methodology was utilized. Three focus group interviews with fifteen KIW were conducted. Thematic analysis with constant comparison technique was performed eliciting units of meaning, categories, and themes.

Results

The cultural schema of the meaning of breast is “mother who is breast-feeding her baby,” with two themes of “balance in size,” and “shyness.” Regarding breast cancer, three themes, i.e., “indifference,” “fear,” and “uncertainty” are emerged. “Lack of information about screening modalities” is the overarching schema with reference to breast cancer screenings.

Conclusions

The findings of this study demonstrate unique cultural models of KIW related to breast cancer and its screenings, which are critical to understand and penetrate their barriers to breast cancer screening.

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  • The Lived Experience of Body Alteration and Body Image with Regard to Immediate Breast Reconstruction among Women with Breast Cancer
    Jeonghee Ahn, Eunyoung E Suh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 245.     CrossRef
  • Understanding breast cancer screening behaviors of Korean American women in sociocultural contexts
    Ga-Young Choi, Eun Koh, Sam Choi, Ji-Young Cho
    Social Work in Health Care.2017; 56(1): 45.     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of an Ongoing, Community-Based Breast Cancer Prevention Program for Korean American Women
    Eun Koh, Ga-Young Choi, Ji Young Cho
    Health & Social Work.2016; 41(1): 51.     CrossRef
  • Cultural Competence in Qualitative Interview Methods with Asian Immigrants
    Eunyoung E. Suh, Sarah Kagan, Neville Strumpf
    Journal of Transcultural Nursing.2009; 20(2): 194.     CrossRef
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The Effects of a Rehabilitation Program on Physical Health, Physiological Indicator and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Mastectomy Patients
Hyoung Sook Park, Gyoo Yeong Cho, Kyung Yeon Park
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2006;36(2):310-320.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.2.310
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a rehabilitation program on physical health, physiological indicators and quality of life in breast cancer mastectomy patients.

Methods

The subjects included thirty-one patients with breast cancer (17 in the experimental group and 14 in the control group). The subjects in the experimental group participated in a rehabilitation program for 10 weeks, which was composed of an exercise program, teaching, counseling and support for 2 sessions per week.

Results

There was a significant increase in flexion, internal rotation and external rotation but no significant increase in extension in the experimental group compared to the control group. The total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and CD56 in the experimental group compared to the control group was not significantly decreased after the rehabilitation program. Compared to the control group, quality of life in the experimental group was significantly improved and fatigue in that group was significantly decreased after the rehabilitation program.

Conclusion

The 10-week rehabilitation program showed a large affirmative effect on physical health, physiological indicators and quality of life in breast cancer mastectomy patients.

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  • The Role of Rehabilitation Nurses in Empowering Mastectomised Women for Self-Care: A Scoping Review
    Madalena Rodrigues, Inês Deus, Pedro Bengalinha, Raquel Duro, David Carpinteiro, Rogério Ferreira, Celso Silva, César Fonseca
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(6): 957.     CrossRef
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    Hui Zhang, Yuqiu Zhou, Yuxia Cui, Jinwei Yang
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  • The Effect of home education convergence program on arm functions, occupational performance, quality of life, and depression in mastectomy patients with arm function impairment
    Ko-Un Kim, Hye-Won Oh
    Journal of Digital Convergence.2016; 14(9): 515.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Sensory Motor Training Using Ball Exercise on Shoulder Functions and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Women After Mastectomy
    Ji-Yoon Seo, Jong-Duk Choi
    Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2016; 11(4): 147.     CrossRef
  • An Analysis of Cancer Survival Narratives Using Computerized Text Analysis Program
    Dal Sook Kim, Ah Hyun Park, Nam Jun Kang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2014; 44(3): 328.     CrossRef
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    YoungJu Rhee, EunOk Lee
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    Jin Yi Choi, Hyun Sook Kang
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    Eun A Cho, Hyun Ei Oh
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    Haejung Lee, Yeonjung Lim, Myung-Sook Yoo, Yongsuk Kim
    Cancer Nursing.2011; 34(6): E22.     CrossRef
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Effects of Educational Program of Manual Lymph Massage on the Arm Functioning and the Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients
Eun Sook Lee, Sung Hyo Kim, Sun Mi Kim, Jeong Ju Sun
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(7):1390-1400.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.7.1390
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of EPMLM(educational program of manual lymph massage) on the arm functioning and QOL(quality of life) in breast cancer patients with lymphedema.

Method

Subjects in the experimental group(n=20) participated in EPMLM for 6 weeks from June to July, 2005. The EPMLM consisted of training of lymph massage for 2 weeks and encourage and support of self-care using lymph massage for 4 weeks. The arm functioning assessed at pre-treatment, 2weeks, and 6weeks using Arm functioning questionnaire. The QOL assessed at pre-treatment and 6 weeks using SF-36. The outcome data of experimental group was compared with control group(n=20). The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS 10.0 statistical program.

Result

The arm functioning of experimental group was increased from 2 weeks after(W=.224, p=.011) and statistically differenced with control group at 2 weeks(Z=-2.241, p=.024) and 6 weeks(Z=-2.453, p=.013). Physical function of QOL domain increased in experimental group(Z=-1.162, p=.050), also statistically differenced with control group(Z=-2.182, p= .030) at 6weeks.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the educational program of manual lymph massage can improve arm functioning and physical function of QOL domain in breast cancer patients with lymphedema.

Citations

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  • Analysis of Domestic Manual Lymph Drainage (MLD)-related Research Trend
    Ji-Hyun Mun, Min-Hee Kim
    Fashion & Textile Research Journal.2022; 24(5): 636.     CrossRef
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    Suk Jeong Lee, Young Mi Park, Jiyoung Kim
    Journal of Korean Oncology Nursing.2011; 11(3): 229.     CrossRef
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Effects of Abdominal Breathing Training Using Biofeedback on Stress, Immune Response and Quality of Life in Patients with a Mastectomy for Breast Cancer
Keum Soon Kim, So Woo Lee, Myoung Ae Choe, Myung Sun Yi, Smi Choi, So Hi Kwon
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(7):1295-1303.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.7.1295
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was to determine the effects of abdominal breathing training using biofeedback on stress, immune response, and quality of life.

Methods

The study design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design. Twenty-five breast cancer patients who had completed adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled. The experimental group(n=12) was provided with abdominal breathing training using biofeedback once a week for 4 weeks. State anxiety, cancer physical symptoms, serum cortisol, T cell subsets(T3, T4, T8), NK cell and quality of life were measured both before and after the intervention.

Results

Though state anxiety, cancer physical symptoms, and serum cortisol were reduced after 4 weeks of abdominal breathing training using biofeedback, there was no statistical significance. It showed, however, improvement in quality of life (p=.02), and T3(p=.04).

Conclusion

Abdominal breathing training using biofeedback improves quality of life in breast cancer patients after a mastectomy. However, the mechanism of this beneficial effect and stress response requires further investigation with special consideration in subject selection and frequency of measurement. Nurses should consider this strategy as a standard nursing intervention for people living with cancer.

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  • A Review of Commercial and Medical-Grade Physiological Monitoring Devices for Biofeedback-Assisted Quality of Life Improvement Studies
    Pedro Nogueira, Joana Urbano, Luís Paulo Reis, Henrique Lopes Cardoso, Daniel Castro Silva, Ana Paula Rocha, Joaquim Gonçalves, Brígida Mónica Faria
    Journal of Medical Systems.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Dong Sun Oh
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    Sun Young Park, Jong Im Kim
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    Hae Jeong Han, Aris Park, Hyun Sun Kim, HanKyung Moon, Yeon-Hwan Park
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    Haejung Lee, Yeonjung Lim, Myung-Sook Yoo, Yongsuk Kim
    Cancer Nursing.2011; 34(6): E22.     CrossRef
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    Eun A Cho, Hyun Ei Oh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(3): 285.     CrossRef
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    Myung Sook Choi, Young Joo Park
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    Woo-Jeong Yu, Ju-Eun Song
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(3): 442.     CrossRef
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    Jun-Young Choi
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2008; 51(5): 435.     CrossRef
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Relationships of Mood Disturbance, Symptom Experience, and Attentional Function in Women with Breast Cancer Based upon the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms
Eun Hyun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(4):728-736.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.4.728
AbstractAbstract
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify direct, mediating, and moderating relationships of mood disturbance, symptom experience, and attentional function in Korean women with breast cancer based upon a middle-range theory of unpleasant symptoms.

Methods

This study used a cross-sectional, correlational design. A convenience sample of 125 women receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer was recruited from a university hospital in South Korea. The women completed questionnaires on mood disturbance, symptom experience, and attentional function using the Linear Analogue Self-Assessment Scale, the Symptom Experience Scale, and the Attentional Function Index, respectively.

Results

Each mood disturbance and symptom experience showed a significant relationship with attentional function. Symptom experience did not act as a mediator between mood disturbance and attentional function, but it did act as a moderator: patients with a higher level of mood disturbance exhibited a lower level of attentional function when their symptoms were at the level of medium, but not when their symptoms were either high or low.

Conclusion

This suggests that clinical interventions for attenuating the influence of mood disturbance on attentional function may be effective only in women experiencing medium level of symptoms.

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    Yu-Yin Allemann-Su, Marcus Vetter, Helen Koechlin, Steven M. Paul, Bruce A. Cooper, Kate Oppegaard, Michelle Melisko, Jon D. Levine, Yvette Conley, Christine Miaskowski, Maria C. Katapodi
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    Mijung Kim, Mi Sook Jung
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    Fernanda Machado Silva-Rodrigues, Pamela S. Hinds, Lucila Castanheira Nascimento
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    Mi Sook Jung, Bernadine Cimprich
    Cancer Nursing.2014; 37(3): E31.     CrossRef
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    HyoJin Kim, Sanghee Kim, Hyangkyu Lee, SangEun Oh
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2014; 14(1): 7.     CrossRef
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    Hee Soon Kim, Ok Kyung Ham, Jong Wook Kim, Ji Young Park
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    Bernadine Cimprich, Moira Visovatti, David L. Ronis
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The Factors Influencing the Compliance of Breast Self-Examination of Middle-Aged Womem
Yeon Hee Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(4):721-727.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.4.721
AbstractAbstract
Purpose

This cross-sectional survey was conducted to described the compliance of Breast Self-Examination of middle-aged women using a convenient sample, and to examine relationships between the compliance of BSE and Health Beliefs, and the influencing factors on the compliance of BSE.

Methods

The subjects were 373 literate volunteers who were from 41 to 60 years of age who visited 6 public health centers. From June 7, 2004 to August 20, 2004, data were collected by 5 research assistants using a self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to obtain information on the general characteristics, knowledge, health beliefs, and compliance of BSE.

Results

The findings of this study suggested that there were significant differences in the scores of the perceived susceptibility and severity between compliers and non-compliers of the BSE. BSE compliance was significantly correlated with knowledge, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity. The most powerful predictor of BSE compliance was the perceived susceptibility. The perceived susceptibility, the perceived severity, the knowledge and educational level accounted for 41.8% of the variance in middle aged women's BSE compliance.

Conclusion

Increase in knowledge about breast cancer, with a concomitant increase in both perceived susceptibility and perceived severity could produce a subtle cue or motivating force sufficient to affect a behavior change. Further research is needed to examine the qualitative difference between BSE and other early detection behaviors.

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  • Factors associated with the use of preventive services by women in Greece
    E. Simou, E. Foundoulakis, G. Kourlaba, N. Maniadakis
    The European Journal of Public Health.2011; 21(4): 512.     CrossRef
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Effects of a Workbook Program on the Perceived Stress Level, Maternal Role Confidence and Breast Feeding Practice of Mothers of Premature Infants
Yung Sook Jang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(2):419-427.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.2.419
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a workbook program on percieved stress levels, maternal role confidence and breastfeeding practices of mothers of premature infants.

Method

This study employed a quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-and-post test to compare the two groups. Data was collected from 32 subjects from March 10. to September 5, 2003 at an NICU located in S. city. In the sample, fifteen mothers were in the experimental group and seventeen were in the control group. A workbook program was provided twice during a period from two-three days after the baby's admission to one week after the first intervention. The instruments used were the PSS and self confidence scale. Data was analyzed by means of frequency, SD, χ2-test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Result

There was a significant difference in perceived stress levels between the experimental and control group (U=2.366, p=.018). There was not a significant difference in maternal role confidence between the two groups (U=1.002, p=.316). There was a significant difference in breastfeeding practice between the two groups (χ2= 4.910, p=.035).

Conclusion

It is concluded that a program using a workbook has a positive effect on decreasing the perceived stress level and increasing breastfeeding practice.

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    Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2023; 27(2): 71.     CrossRef
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    Tran Thi Nguyet, Nguyen Vu Quoc Huy, Yunmi Kim
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    Eun Hye Jang, Hyeon Ok Ju
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    Su Jeong Kim, Ji Min Seo
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2018; 24(3): 322.     CrossRef
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    Jin Suk Ra, Jiyoung Lim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(7): 936.     CrossRef
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    Ji-Eun Kim, Dong-Yean Park
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2012; 23(4): 523.     CrossRef
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    Jeong Soon Kim, Hee Sun Shin
    Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing.2010; 16(4): 344.     CrossRef
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    Yunmi Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(2): 279.     CrossRef
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The Effects of Foot Reflexology on Nausea, Vomiting and Fatigue of Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Jin Hyang Yang
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(1):177-185.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.1.177
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of foot reflexology on nausea, vomiting and fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Method

The research was a quasi-experimental study using a non-equivalent pre-post design and was conducted from Jan. 26, to Mar. 20, 2004. The subjects consisted of 34 patients with 18 in the experimental group and 16 in control group. A pretest and 2 posttests were conducted to measure nausea, vomiting and fatigue. For the experimental group, foot reflexology, which was consisted of 4 phases for 40 minutes, was given by a researcher and 4 research assistants. The collected data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using the SPSS WIN 10.0 program.

Results

There was a statistically significant decrease in nausea, and vomiting in the experimental group compared to the control group over two different times. In addition, there was a statistically significant decrease in fatigue in the experimental group compared to the control group over two different times.

Conclusion

Foot reflexology was effective on nausea, vomiting and fatigue in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in this study. Therefore, foot reflexology can be usefully utilized as a nursing intervention in the field of cancer nursing for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

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    Nilay Gökbulut, Yeşim Aksoy Derya
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    Niloofar Nezhadahmad, Fereshteh Khoshkhoo, Mansour Arad, Zahra Zarei
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    Neşe Uysal, Sevinç Kutlutürkan, Işıl Uğur
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The Relationship of Uncertainty, Hope and Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer
Kae Hwa Jo, Bo Kyung Son
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(7):1184-1193.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.7.1184
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of uncertainty, hope and quality of life in patients with breast cancer.

Method

The subjects of the study were 113 breast cancer patients treated at 3 university hospitals in Daegu and Busan from June 1 to September 30, 2003. Uncertainty was measured by the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS), Hope was measured by Nowotny's Hope Scale, and quality of life by Ro's Korean Quality of Life(QOL). Data was analyzed with the SPSS program by t-test, ANOVA, Spearman's rank correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis.

Result

The scores of uncertainty were negatively correlated with hope and QOL(all p's<0.05). Uncertainty revealed that there was a negative correlation among subitems of hope such as confidence, relationship with others, possibility of future, and inner motivation(r=-.333, p=.000; r=-.230, p=.015; r=-.260, p=.006; r=-.291, p=.003). Uncertainty also showed a negative correlation among subitems of QOL such as emotional status, self esteem, and relationship with family(r=-.29, p=.004; r=-.326, p=.000; r=-.197, p=.044), whereas hope revealed a positive correlation among subitems of QOL such as emotional status, self esteem, relationship with neighbor, and relationship with family(r=.243, p=.011; r=.487, p=.000; r=.29, p=.001; r=.29, p=.001). The score of uncertainty was low in graduate school students and subjects using problem solving as a coping method. However, the score of hope was high in college students and subjects using a problem solving method, and the score of QOL was high in professionals.

Conclusion

Based on the study results, breast cancer patients experienced living with uncertainty and maintaining hope. Thus the study's findings can be useful in directing a comprehensive nursing care plan to improve QOL of breast cancer patients.

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    Behice Belkıs Çalışkan, Figen Şengün İnan, Reyhan Doğan, Yasemin Nazlı
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2025; 79: 103024.     CrossRef
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    Fauzia Nazam, Akbar Husain
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    Kübra Korkmaz, Kerime Derya Beydağ
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    Yeong Kyong Oh, Seon Young Hwang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2018; 48(1): 50.     CrossRef
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    Mi Ra Yun
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2016; 16(3): 158.     CrossRef
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    Jin-Hee Park, Sun Hyoung Bae, Young-Mi Jung
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2015; 15(2): 67.     CrossRef
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    So Yeun Jun, Hyeon Jeong Ju, Je Sang Yu, Ji Hyun Lee
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2015; 15(4): 228.     CrossRef
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    Jieun Cha, Dallong Han
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    Young Mi Ryu, Myungsun Yi
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2013; 13(3): 121.     CrossRef
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    In-Ohg Oh, Eui Geum Oh, Sunah Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing.2012; 21(2): 158.     CrossRef
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    Myunghee Jun, Jiyoung Jung, Minsuk Kim
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    Yoon Sun Kim, Young Sook Tae
    Journal of Korean Oncology Nursing.2011; 11(3): 221.     CrossRef
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    Chai-Soon Park, Yang-Sook Yoo, Dong-Won Choi, Hyun-Jeong Park, Ji-In Kim
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    Young Ju Kim
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(2): 214.     CrossRef
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Effects of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program for Mastectomy Patients
Ok Hee Cho
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(5):809-819.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.5.809
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a comprehensive rehabilitation program on physical function, immune response, fatigue and quality of life in mastectomy patients.

Method

The subjects included fifty-five patients with breast cancer (27 in the control group and 28 in the experimental group). The subjects in the experimental group participated in a comprehensive rehabilitation program for10 weeks, which was composed of 1 session of education, 2 sessions of stress management, 2 sessions of exercise, and 1 session of peer support group activity per week.

Result

The results revealed anincrease in shoulder extension, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation of the affectedupper extremity, and in shoulder extension and abduction of the healthy upper extremity. Also an increase in quality of life and a decrease in fatigue were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group. However, the results revealed that the natural killer cell ratio of the experimental group increased but there was no significant difference from that of the control group.

Conclusion

The 10-week comprehensive rehabilitation program showed a large affirmative effect on physical function, fatigue and quality of life of breast cancer patients after a mastectomy.

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Breast Cancer Screening and Repeat Screening
Sung Hee Kim, Ihn Sook Jeong, Jung Soon Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(5):791-800.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.5.791
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This study was to investigate the characteristics and related factors of breast cancer screening and repeat screening, and to propose nursing interventions to increase the rate of breast cancer screening and repeat screening.

Method

Study subjects was 236 women residing in the community, teachers and nurses who were older than 45 were recruited. Data was collected with self administered questionnaires from July 1st to August 31st, 2003 and analysed using SPSS/WIN 10.0 with X2test, t-test, and stepwise multiple logistic regression at a significant level of =.05.

Result

The breast cancer screening rate was 57.2%, and repeat screening rate was 15.3%. With the multiple logistic regression analysis, factors associated with mammography screening were age and perceived barriers of action, and factors related to the repeat mammography screening were education level and other cancer screening experience.

Conclusion

Based on the results, we recommend the development of anintervention program to decrease the perceived barrier of action, to regard mammography as an essential test in regular check-up, and to give active advertisement and education to the public to improve the rates of breast cancer screening and repeat screening.

Citations

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  • Factors related to the Performance of Mammography Screening among Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer in Korea
    Jina Oh, Taehyun Kim, Youngok Park
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2011; 17(5): 439.     CrossRef
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    Eunyoung E. Suh, Sunhee Park
    Asian Nursing Research.2009; 3(2): 71.     CrossRef
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    Young Eun, Eunice E. Lee, Mi Ja Kim, Louis Fogg
    Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2009; 35(9): 40.     CrossRef
  • Predictors of mammography uptake in Korean women aged 40 years and over
    Eunjung Ryu, Okhee Ahn, Sun‐Sook Baek, Mi‐Soon Jeon, Seung‐Eui Han, Young‐Rye Park, Mi‐Young Ham
    Journal of Advanced Nursing.2008; 64(2): 168.     CrossRef
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    Sun-Mi Lee, Jin-Hee Park, Han-Jong Park
    Cancer Nursing.2008; 31(5): E40.     CrossRef
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    Jung-Hee Kim, Oksoo Kim
    Asian Nursing Research.2008; 2(2): 74.     CrossRef
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Korean-American Women in Their Health Beliefs related to Breast Cancer and the Performance of Breast Self-Examination
Young Whee Lee, Eun Hyun Lee, Kong Bum Shin, Mi Sook Song
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(2):307-314.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.2.307
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

This cross-sectional survey was undertaken to examine the differences of BSE (breast-self examination) performance and health beliefs between Korean and Korean-American women and to identify which factors influence the BSE based on the HBM variables.

Method

The study subjects were recruited from both Korea(189 women) and Cleveland in Ohio, USA(146 women). The HBM variables were measured using a reliable and valid Health Belief Model Scale. The subjects were also asked whether or not they did a BSE in the last year.

Result

The Korean-American women who performed the BSE was statistically higher than that of Korean women. Regarding to the BSE-related health belief, the scores of benefits, confidence, and health motivation was significantly higher in Korean-American. After controlling for living places, age, education, and job, barriers and confidence variables significantly explained the BSE performance of Korean and Korean-American women.

Conclusion

There was a differences in BSE-related health belief and performance between Korean and Korean-American women. Among health belief variables, barriers and confidence were core variables predicting the BSE performance of Korean and Korean-American women together.

Citations

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    Hyo-Kyung Son, Sin Kam, Ki-Soo Park, Jang-Rak Kim, Rock-Bum Kim, Sun-Kyun Park
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Evaluation of a Community-Based Program for Breast Self-Examination Offered by the Community Health Nurse Practitioners in Korea
Chung Yul Lee, Hee Soon Kim, Il Sun Ko, Ok Kyung Ham
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(8):1119-1126.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.8.1119
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among Korean women. Only 14% of urban women and 10% of rural women in Korea, however, participated in breast cancer screening behavior in 1998 (Korean Ministry of Health & Welfare, 1999).

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of community-based breast self-examination (BSE) education programs in Korea.

Methods

First, breast cancer risk appraisals were done with 1,977 rural women. Of the 1,977 women, nearly 30% (n= 494) had a higher or equal to borderline risk of developing breast cancer. This quasi-experimental study was conducted to target these women with a high or equal to borderline risk of breast cancer. The risk appraisal feedback and breast self-examination education were used as an intervention for breast cancer prevention and early detection.

Results

After a 3-month follow-up, 30.5% of the women in the intervention group performed regular BSE compared to 10.2% of women in the control group. The mean knowledge score related to breast cancer and BSE was significantly higher for the women in the intervention group than that in the control group.

Citations

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    Eun Koh, Ga-Young Choi, Ji Young Cho
    Health & Social Work.2016; 41(1): 51.     CrossRef
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    SoMi Park, ChaeWeon Chung, Barbara B. Cochrane
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    Selda Secginli, Nursen O. Nahcivan
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    So Mi Park, Bo Hwan Kim, Mi Jeong Park, Yang Heui Ahn, Chae Weon Chung
    Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2010; 16(2): 166.     CrossRef
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    Hea Kung Hur, So Mi Park, Chang Hee Kim, Jong-Ku Park, Sang Baek Koh, Gi Yon Kim
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    Ok Kyung Ham
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    Ok Kyung Ham
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Factors Influencing on the Compliance of Breast Self-Examination of Nurses in a Local Area
Eun Kyeung Kim, Hae Jung Lee, Suk Hee Ahn, Eun Soon Chung
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2003;33(7):1047-1056.   Published online March 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2003.33.7.1047
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the influencing factors on the compliance of breast self-examination (BSE) among nurses who work at three general hospitals in Kyung-Nam areas.

Method

258 hospital nurses were included in the study. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, x2 test and logistic regression analysis.

Result

Nurses reported medium levels of knowledge, self efficacy and health believes about breast cancer and BSE, and 26% of the nurses performed the BSE at least once during the last 6 months. Compliers of BSE perceived significantly higher levels of self-efficacy, susceptability and health motivation, and lower level of barrier compared to non-compliers. Significant influencing factors on BSE compliance were ‘experience of getting recommendation for breast self-examination’, ‘susceptibility’, ‘barrier’, and ‘self-efficacy’ and those variables explained 22.5% of variance in compliance of BSE.

Conclusion

Nurses, who must play as a role model for health promoting behaviors, did not have enough knowledge of breast cancer and BSE. Also, their performance rate of BSE was quite low. Thus, it is essential to provide an educational program for breast cancer and BSE to nurses in order to enhance nurses' performance rate of BSE.

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    Su Mi Jung, Heui-Sug Jo
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    Myungsun Yi, Eun Young Park
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    Miok Kim, Youngmi Park
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    Kyung-Yeon Park, So Hee Kim
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    Suk Ok Lee, Eun Soon Sim, Sukhee Ahn
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Review Article
Effects of Breastfeeding Interventions on Breastfeeding Rates at 1, 3 and 6 Months Postpartum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Seol Hui Park, Seang Ryu
J Korean Acad Nurs 2017;47(6):713-730.   Published online January 15, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2017.47.6.713
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding intervention on breastfeeding rates.

Methods

Based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search was conducted using eight core electronic databases and other sources including gray literature from January 9 to 19, 2017. Two reviewers independently select the studies and assessed methodological risk of bias of studies using the Cochrane criteria. The topics of breastfeeding interventions were analyzed using descriptive analysis and the effects of intervention were meta-analyzed using the Review Manager 5.2 software.

Results

A total of 16 studies were included in the review and 15 were included for meta-analysis. The most frequently used intervention topics were the importance of good latch-on and frequency of feeding and determining adequate intake followed. The pooled total effect of breastfeeding intervention was 1.08 (95% CI 1.03~1.13). In the subgroup analysis, neither pre-nor post-childbirth intervention was effective on the breastfeeding rates at 1, 3, and 6 months, and neither group nor individual interventions had an effect. Only the 1 month breastfeeding rate was found to be affected by the individual intervention with the persistent strategies 1.21 (95% CI 1.04~1.40).

Conclusion

Effective breastfeeding interventions are needed to help the mother to start breastfeeding after childbirth and continue for at least six months. It should be programmed such that individuals can acquire information and specific breastfeeding skills. After returning home, there should be continuous support strategies for breastfeeding as well as managing various difficulties related to childcare.

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  • Beyond Intentions: The Breastfeeding Intention-Practice Gap in Tunisia- A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Initiation and Continuation among Post-Partum Women
    Narjes karmous, Omar Oualha, Anouar Drira, Abdelwaheb Masmoudi, Badreddine Bouguerra, Abdennour Karmous
    F1000Research.2025; 14: 881.     CrossRef
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    Narjes karmous, Omar Oualha, Anouar Drira, Abdelwaheb Masmoudi, Badreddine Bouguerra, Abdennour Karmous
    F1000Research.2025; 14: 881.     CrossRef
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    Yeşim Yeşil, Hafize Öztürk Can
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    Eunyoung Lee, Insook Cho, Seong Jin Cho, Eunju Lee
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 232.     CrossRef
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    Seol Hui Park, Seang Ryu
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    Angelos P. Kassianos, Emma Ward, Antonio Rojas-Garcia, Allison Kurti, Fiona C. Mitchell, Dian Nostikasari, Jamie Payton, Julian Pascal-Saadi, Claire Adams Spears, Caitlin Notley
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Original Articles
Decision Making Experience on Breast Reconstruction for Women with Breast Cancer
Myungsun Yi, Woo Joung Joung, Eun Young Park, Eun Jin Kwon, Haejin Kim, Ji Young Seo
J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(6):894-904.   Published online December 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.6.894
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore decision making experiences of Korean women with breast cancer who underwent breast reconstruction with/after a mastectomy.

Methods

Data were collected during 2015-2016 through individual in-depth interviews with 10 women who had both mastectomy and breast reconstruction, and analyzed using phenomenological method to identify essential themes on experiences of making a decision to have breast reconstruction.

Results

Five theme clusters emerged. First, “expected loss of sexuality and discovery of autonomy” illustrates various aims of breast reconstruction. Second, “holding tight to the reputation of doctors amid uncertainty” specifies the importance of a trust relationship with their physician despite a lack of information. Third, “family members to step back in position” describes support or opposition from family members in the decision making process. Fourth, “bewilderment due to the paradox of appearance-oriented views” illustrates paradoxical environment, resulting in confusion and anger. Lastly, “decision to be made quickly with limited time to oneself” describes the crazy whirling process of decision making.

Conclusion

Findings highlight aims, worries, barriers, and facilitators that women with breast cancer experience when making a decision about breast reconstruction. Deciding on breast reconstruction was not only a burden for women in a state of shock with a diagnosis of breast cancer, but also an opportunity to decide to integrate their body, femininity, and self which might be wounded from a mastectomy. These findings will help oncology professionals provide effective educational counselling before the operation to promote higher satisfaction after the operation.

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  • Mental health in female breast cancer survivors post-mastectomy: A structural model based on Roy's adaptation model
    Hyeng Sook Yoon, Eunjung Ryu
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2025; 12: 100820.     CrossRef
  • Influence of body image on quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing breast reconstruction: Mediating of self‐esteem
    Yunhee Jang, Mihyeon Seong, Sohyune Sok
    Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(17-18): 6366.     CrossRef
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    Shu Yang, Lin Yu, Chunmiao Zhang, Mengmeng Xu, Qi Tian, Xuan Cui, Yantong Liu, Shuanghan Yu, Minglu Cao, Wei Zhang
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    Jeehee Han, Juhye Jin, Sanghee Kim, Dong Won Lee, Sue Kim
    Cancer Nursing.2022; 45(4): 262.     CrossRef
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    Soo Yeon Kim, Sue Kim
    Cancer Nursing.2022; 45(2): E628.     CrossRef
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    Eun Young Park, Myungsun Yi, Hye Sook Kim, Haejin Kim
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    Jeonghee Ahn, Eunyoung E Suh
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2021; 51(2): 245.     CrossRef
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    A Young Kim, Jeong Hye Kim
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2020; 20(1): 1.     CrossRef
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    Soo-Kyung Bok, Youngshin Song, Ancho Lim, Hyunsuk Choi, Hyunkyung Shin, Sohyun Jin
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    Hyeon-Young Kim, Sun Hwa Shin
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    Kristopher Lamore, Cécile Flahault, Léonor Fasse, Aurélie Untas
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    Jae-Won Kim, Jun-Ho Lee, Tae-Gon Kim, Yong-Ha Kim, Kyu Jin Chung
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Factors Influencing Posttraumatic Growth in Survivors of Breast Cancer
Jin-Hee Park, Yong-Sik Jung, Youngmi Jung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(3):454-462.   Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.454
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is defined as 'positive psychological change experienced as a result of a struggle with highly challenging life circumstances'. The purpose of this study was to identify the level of PTG and its correlates in Korean patients with breast cancer.

Methods

A sample of 120 participants was recruited from outpatients, who had successfully completed primary treatment of breast cancer at a university hospital., Data were collected from June to December, 2014 using Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, lllness Intrusiveness Rating Scale, Cancer Coping Questionnaire, Revised Life Orientation Test and The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.

Results

Total score for the PTG was 79.18±17.54 in patients surviving breast cancer. Bivariate analyses indicated that PTG was positively associated with having a religion, perceived social support, greater optimism, cancer coping, and illness intrusiveness. Results of the regression analysis showed that cancer coping (β=.29, p=.001), optimism (β=0.28, p=.001) and illness intrusiveness (β=0.17, p=.037) were statistically significant in patients' PTG.

Conclusion

The research findings show that the variables of cancer coping, optimism and illness intrusiveness significantly explain PTG and these psychological variables can be used to provide improvement in PTG for patients with breast cancer

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Effects of Breastfeeding Empowerment Program on Breastfeeding Self-efficacy, Adaptation and Continuation in Primiparous Women
Seon Mi Song, Mi Kyung Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(3):409-419.   Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.409
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a breastfeeding empowerment program and to investigate the effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program on self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding for primiparous women.

Methods

The 5 session breastfeeding empowerment program was developed and a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experiment design was used. Fifty-five participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) or the control group (n=28). Effects were tested using repeated measures ANOVA and χ2-test.

Results

Scores for self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding of in the experimental group after program were significantly higher than 1week, 4weeks, 8weeks scores in control group.

Conclusion

The effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program for elevating self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding in primiparous women were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.

Citations

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The Structural Equation Model on Resilience of Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Jeong Ha Yang, Ok Soo Kim
J Korean Acad Nurs 2016;46(3):327-337.   Published online June 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.3.327
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation model on resilience of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.

Methods

Participants were 204 patients with breast cancer who received chemotherapy treatment. They participated in a structured interview, which included social support, depression, symptom experience, self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and infection prevention behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 20.0 and AMOS 18.0.

Results

Lower depression (γ=-.33, p=.020) and symptom experience (γ=-.31, p=.012) and higher self-efficacy (γ=.32, p=.005) and hope (γ=.48, p=.016) were influenced by higher social support. Greater resilience was influenced by lower symptom experience (β=-.18, p=.016), higher self-efficacy (β=.49, p=.023), and higher hope (β=.46, p=.012), and these predictors explained 66.7% of variance in resilience. Greater resilience (β=.54, p=.009) made an impact on greater infection prevention behaviors. Resilience mediated the relations of symptom experience (β=-.10 p=.013), self-efficacy (β=.27, p=.006) and hope (β=.25, p=.009) with infection prevention behaviors. These predictors explained 24.9% of variance in infection prevention behaviors.

Conclusion

The findings of the study suggest that breast cancer patientsw ith greater resilience who are receiving chemotherapy participate in increased infection prevention behaviors. Further research should be conducted to seek intervention strategies that improve breast cancer patients' resilience.

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    Marlen Simancas Fernández, Carla Zapata Rueda, Gonzalo Galván Patrignani, Jose Carlos Celedón Rivero, Juan Hernández Padilla
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    Xiaoting Wu, Haibo Xu, Xiaomin Zhang, Shiyu Han, Liuna Ge, Xiaohui Li, Xinqiong Zhang
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Development and Validation of the Empowerment Scale for Woman with Breast Cancer
Sun Hwa Shin, Hyojung Park
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(4):613-624.   Published online August 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.4.613
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate empowerment in woman with breast cancer and to examine the validity and reliability of the scale.

Methods

The development process for the initial items included a literature review, interviews, and construction of a conceptual framework. The identified items were evaluated for content validity by experts, resulting in 3 factors and 48 preliminary items. Participants were 319 women with breast cancer recruited to test reliability and validity of the preliminary scale. Data were analyzed using item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion related validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

Results

The final scale consisted of 30 items and 3 factors. Factors, including 'intrapersonal factor' (14 items), 'interactional factor' (8 items), and 'behavioral factor' (8 items), were drawn up after confirmatory factor analysis. Goodness of fit of the final research model was very appropriate as shown by χ2/df=1.86, TLI=.90, CFI=.92, SRMR=.06, and RMSEA=.05. Criterion validity was evaluated by total correlation with the Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire .78. Cronbach's alpha for total items was .93 and test-retest reliability was .69.

Conclusion

Findings from this study indicate that the scale can be used in the development of nursing interventions to promote the empowerment of women having breast cancer.

Citations

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    Sookyung Jeong, Eun Jeong Kim
    BMC Nursing.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Chaewon Yun, Yujin Jeong
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    Soo Hyun Kim, Yu Hyeon Choe, Da Hye Kim
    Cancer Nursing.2024; 47(6): 471.     CrossRef
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    Semi Lim, Younhee Kang
    Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2022; 52(1): 80.     CrossRef
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    Semi Lim, Kyungmi Lee
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    Yan PENG, Lin HAN, Fang-Fang AN, Li LI, Yue-Li HOU
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    Jiyoung Kim, Nayeon Shin, Kyungmi Lee
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    Soo Hyun Kim, Yu Hyeon Choe, Ah Reum Han, Gwui Jeong Yeon, Gyeong Hee Lee, Bo Gyeong Lee, Young Up Cho, Seho Park, Moon Hee Lee
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Associations of Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitude and Interest with Breastfeeding Duration: A Cross-sectional Web-based Study
Nam Mi Kang, Yoon Ji Choi, Taisun Hyun, Jung Eun Lee
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(3):449-458.   Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.449
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

Maternal knowledge, positive attitudes and interest toward breastfeeding may improve the sustainability of breastfeeding. This study examined the associations of knowledge, attitudes, and interest toward breastfeeding with the duration of breastfeeding in Korean mothers who used the internet.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 604 Korean mothers who breastfed their babies. Mothers were recruited through the internet and their knowledge, attitudes and interest toward breastfeeding were assessed using a web-based self-administered questionnaire. Geometric means and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

Higher knowledge, attitudes, and interest toward breastfeeding were associated with longer duration of breastfeeding in Korean mothers. In particular, mothers who had optimal breastfeeding duration were more likely to be aware of the easiness of breast milk stimulation and breastfeeding, the development of attachment between mother and child, and pleasure from breastfeeding compared to those mothers with shorter duration. The association with optimal breastfeeding duration was more pronounced among mothers who graduated from high school for total attitude scores and total interest scores, compared to mothers who graduated from college or above.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that it is important to improve maternal knowledge, attitudes, and interest toward breastfeeding in Korean mothers who use the internet as a source of knowledge. Also, the study results imply that the development of strategies to target mothers with relatively low education levels may improve breastfeeding rates.

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    Yuting Fan, Sharon M Donovan, Kelly F Bost
    Current Developments in Nutrition.2025; 9(9): 107537.     CrossRef
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    Tae Hyeong Kim, Sung-Hoon Chung, Jun Hwan Kim, Youngmin Ahn, Son Moon Shin, Woo Ryoung Lee, Eui Kyung Choi, Juyoung Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Euiseok Jung, Ju Sun Heo, Jin A Lee, Soon Min Lee, Seong Phil Bae, Jeonglyn Song, Chae-Young Kim, Dae Yong Yi
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    Seong Phil Bae, Woo Ryoung Lee, Won-Ho Hahn, Hye-Jung Shin, Young Min Ahn, Son Moon Shin, Yong Joo Kim, Ellen Ai-Rhan Kim, Youn Jeong Shin, Dae Yong Yi, Soon Min Lee, Juyoung Lee, Jin A Lee, Sung-Hoon Chung, Euiseok Jung, Eui Kyung Choi, Ju Sun Heo
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    Seungmi Park, In Sun Jang, Deulle Min
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    Nina A. Juntereal, Diane L. Spatz
    Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing.2021; 50(6): 659.     CrossRef
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    Kathryn Corby, Debbie Kane, Deborah Dayus
    Canadian Journal of Nursing Research.2021; 53(1): 56.     CrossRef
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    Yuan Ruan, Qiang Zhang, Juanjuan Li, Rong Wan, Jun Bai, Wenzhong Wang, Yutong Zhou, Qingqing Wan, Jiang Zhao, Siyang Yu, Min Peng, Zhitao Liu, Joann M. McDermid
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    Himali Erandathie Ratnayake, Dhammica Rowel
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    Hyun Woo Park, Keun Ho Ryu, Yongjun Piao, Peipei Li, Jae Shik Hong, Hee Bum Kim, Hwanwook Chung, Jeong-Kyu Hoh, Yong Joo Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation by Employment Status among Korean Women
Nam Mi Kang, Jung Eun Lee, Yeon Bai, Theo Van Achterberg, Taisun Hyun
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(2):306-313.   Published online April 15, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.2.306
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract Purpose

The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among Korean women in relation to their employment status.

Methods

Data were collected using a web-based self-administered questionnaire from 1,031 Korean mothers living in Seoul with babies younger than 24 months. Demographic characteristics, education on breastfeeding, rooming in, breastfeeding during hospital stay, and breastfeeding knowledge were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with initiation and continuation at 1, 6 and 12 months according to mothers’ employment status.

Results

Breastfeeding initiation rates were similar regardless of mothers’ employment status. Continuation rates decreased for both groups of mothers, but were significantly lower among employed mothers at all duration points. Unemployed mothers who were able to keep their babies in the same room during the hospital stay were more likely to initiate breastfeeding. The factor that was consistently associated with breastfeeding continuation for all duration points among unemployed mothers was whether the mother breastfed during the hospital stay. Higher knowledge scores and having an infant with atopic dermatitis were also associated with breastfeeding continuation at 6 months and 12 months, respectively for unemployed mothers, and receiving education on breastfeeding was associated with 12-month continuation for employed mothers.

Conclusion

These results emphasize the significant roles of hospitals for breastfeeding initiation and continuation, with rooming-in, initial breastfeeding practice and education during hospital stay as important practices. In addition, for working mothers to continue their breastfeeding, significant support from the workplace is crucial.

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    Hülya Türkmen, Nazan Tuna Oran, Serpil Gürol, Çiğdem Gök, Kübra Aydın İnce
    Journal of Human Lactation.2025; 41(3): 332.     CrossRef
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    Najmeh Karimian-Marnani, Elizabeth Tilley, Jordyn T. Wallenborn
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    Isyatun Mardhiyah Syahri, Agung Dwi Laksono, Maya Fitria, Nikmatur Rohmah, Masruroh Masruroh, Mara Ipa
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    Moslem Sharifi, Mahshid Darabi, Bagher Pahlavanzadeh, Mohammad Mahboubi
    Pajouhan Scientific Journal.2024; 22(1): 68.     CrossRef
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    Tricia J. Johnson, Paula P. Meier, Daniel T. Robinson, Sumihiro Suzuki, Suhagi Kadakia, Andrew N. Garman, Aloka L. Patel
    Children.2023; 10(3): 416.     CrossRef
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    Candice L. Thomas, Lauren D. Murphy, Maura J. Mills, Jing Zhang, Gwenith G. Fisher, Rebecca L. Clancy
    Human Resource Management Review.2022; 32(3): 100848.     CrossRef
  • Survey on the Status of Breastfeeding in Korean Medical Institution Workers
    Tae Hyeong Kim, Sung-Hoon Chung, Jun Hwan Kim, Youngmin Ahn, Son Moon Shin, Woo Ryoung Lee, Eui Kyung Choi, Juyoung Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Euiseok Jung, Ju Sun Heo, Jin A Lee, Soon Min Lee, Seong Phil Bae, Jeonglyn Song, Chae-Young Kim, Dae Yong Yi
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Fariba Moradi, Soraya Zahmatkesh, Azam Abasi, Apameh Salari, Soheil Hassanipour, Ali Mohammad Mokhtari
    Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2020; 8(1): 33.     CrossRef
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    Jin Suk Ra, Hyun Jung Yun
    Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2020; 11(1): 15.     CrossRef
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    Havva YEŞİLDERE SAĞLAM, Nebahat ÖZERDOĞAN, Elif GURSOY, Özlem ÇAĞAN
    Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi.2020; 10(3): 468.     CrossRef
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    Jin Suk Ra
    Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(1): 90.     CrossRef
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    Hyun Woo Park, Keun Ho Ryu, Yongjun Piao, Peipei Li, Jae Shik Hong, Hee Bum Kim, Hwanwook Chung, Jeong-Kyu Hoh, Yong Joo Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Min Kyung Jang, Seung-Min Lee, Jin Mo Khil
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    Tuan T Nguyen, Mellissa Withers, Nemat Hajeebhoy, Edward A Frongillo
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Prevalence and Characteristics of Chemotherapy-related Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Breast Cancer
Jin-Hee Park, Sun Hyoung Bae, Yong-Sik Jung, Young-Mi Jung
J Korean Acad Nurs 2015;45(1):118-128.   Published online February 27, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.1.118
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

Evidence suggests that some patients with breast cancer experience cognitive difficulties following chemotherapy. This longitudinal study was done to examine the prevalence of cognitive impairment and trajectory of cognitive function over time in women with breast cancer, who received adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

Participants were 137 patients with breast cancer. They completed neuropsychological tests and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function before adjuvant therapy (pretest), toward the end of adjuvant therapy (posttest), and 6 months after the completion of adjuvant therapy (follow-up test). Of the patients, 91 were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy and 46 patients who did not receive chemotherapy made up the comparison group. A reliable-change index and repeated-measure ANOVA were used for statistical analyses.

Results

At the posttest point, over 30% of patients showed complex cognitive impairment and reported greater difficulty in subjective cognitive function. At the follow-up test point, 22.0% of patients exhibited complex cognitive impairment and 30.8% of patients complained of subjective cognitive impairment. Repeated-measure ANOVA showed significant decreases after receiving chemotherapy followed by small improvements 6 months after the completion of chemotherapy in cognitive domains of change for attention and concentration, memory, executive function, and subjective cognitive function.

Conclusion

These results suggest that chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer may be associated with objective and subjective cognitive impairments. Further studies are needed to explore the potential risk factors and predictor of chemotherapy-related cognitive changes. Also nursing interventions for prevention and intervention of cognitive impairments should be developed and tested.

Citations

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  • Impact of nonpharmacological interventions on cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Jin-Hee Park, Su Jin Jung, Lena J. Lee, Junghyun Rhu, Sun Hyoung Bae
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2023; 10(4): 100212.     CrossRef
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    Sangjin Ko
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Posttraumatic Growth, Dyadic Adjustment, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors and Their Husbands
Seunghee Song, Eunjung Ryu
J Korean Acad Nurs 2014;44(5):515-524.   Published online October 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.5.515
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify whether the couple perceived breast cancer as a traumatic event, to evaluate the association among posttraumatic growth, dyadic adjustment, and quality of life and to explore the predictors affecting quality of life of the couple.

Methods

A cross-sectional comparative survey design was utilized. Participants were 57 couples recruited from a national cancer center in Korea. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, McNemar test and independent t-test. On the basis of variables found to be significantly associated with quality of life, multiple regression was used to examine the simultaneous influence of multiple predictors.

Results

Breast cancers survivors and spouses perceived breast cancer as a traumatic event (43.9% and 24.6%, respectively). The global quality of life was explained by perception as trauma (β=-19.79) and posttraumatic growth (β=0.46) in survivors, and perception as trauma (β=-18.81) and dyadic adjustment (β=0.53) in spouses.

Conclusion

Results suggest that future research should use qualitative methods to evaluate why contemplating reasons for cancer contributed to posttraumatic growth, examine other potential predictors of quality of life such as dyadic adjustment and intimacy, and identify links between posttraumatic growth and other psychological outcomes such as distress and well-being, using prospective analyses.

Citations

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