, 유소영2,*
, 박진희3
, 송주은3
, 류은정4
, 이주희5
, 임여진6
, Soyoung Yu2,*
, Jin-Hee Park3
, Ju-Eun Song3
, Eunjung Ryu4
, JuHee Lee5
, YeoJin Im6
1순천향대학교 의과대학 간호학과
2차의과학대학교 간호대학
3아주대학교 간호대학ㆍ간호과학연구소
4중앙대학교 적십자간호대학
5연세대학교 간호대학ㆍ김모임간호학연구소
6경희대학교 간호과학대학
1School of Nursing, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
2College of Nursing, CHA University, Pocheon, South Korea
3College of NursingㆍResearch Institute of Nursing Science, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
4Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
5College of NursingㆍMo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
6College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
© 2026 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the members of the Integrated National Licensing Examination Committee of the Korean Society of Nursing Science (Kisook Kim, Hye Young Kim, Heejung Kim, Ju-Hee Nho, Sunnam Park, Eunyoung Suh, Youngshin Song, Sujin Shin, Mi Yu, Hyang Yuol Lee, Sun Joo Jang, Yeonsoo Jang, Sangeun Jun, and Yeongmi Ha; names listed in Korean alphabetical order) for their participation and assistance, which enabled this study to proceed smoothly.
Funding
This study was supported by the 2025 Policy Research Grant of the Korean Society of Nursing Science and 2024 Sabbatical Year of Soonchunhyang University.
Data Sharing Statement
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: all authors. Data curation or/and Analysis: all authors. Funding acquisition: none. Investigation: all authors. Project administration or/and Supervision: JIK, SY. Resources or/and Software: all authors. Validation: all authors. Visualization: all authors. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: all authors. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| Category | Topic | Learning objectives | Related courses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Symptom | Pain | Apply the nursing process to patients presenting with pain. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, adult health |
| Nausea and vomiting | Apply the nursing process to patients presenting with nausea and vomiting. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, adult health | |
| Sleep disturbance | Apply the nursing process to patients presenting with sleep disturbance. | Child health, fundamentals, adult health, psychiatric–mental health | |
| Violence exposure | Apply the nursing process to patients who have experienced violence. | Women’s health, child health, community health, psychiatric–mental health | |
| Disease | Impaired tissue perfusion | Apply the nursing process to patients with impaired tissue perfusion. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, adult health |
| Endocrine dysregulation | Apply the nursing process to patients with endocrine dysregulation. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, adult health | |
| Infectious health conditions | Apply the nursing process to patients with infectious health conditions. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, community health | |
| Chronic disease | Apply the nursing process to patients with chronic diseases. | Women’s health, child health, adult health, community health, psychiatric–mental health | |
| Fundamental care | Positioning | Apply appropriate positioning based on the patient’s clinical condition. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, adult health |
| Oral medication administration | Administer oral medications to address patients’ health problems and evaluate outcomes. | Women’s health, child health, fundamentals, adult health, community health, psychiatric–mental health |
| Nursing process (or clinical reasoning phase) | Miller’s learning level | Symptom-based clinical reasoning learning objective |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment (clinical information gathering) | L2 (Knows how) “Knows how to do it.” | Collect clinical information through history taking and physical examination of a patient with a headache. |
| Diagnosis (diagnostic reasoning) | L2 (Knows how) “Knows how to do it.” | Perform diagnostic reasoning by synthesizing the characteristics of the headache and clinical clues. |
| Planning (presenting nursing interventions) | L3 (Shows how) “Can show how.” | Present appropriate nursing intervention plans based on the results of the diagnostic reasoning for the headache patient. |
| Implementation (applying nursing interventions) | L4 (Does) “Does it in real clinical practice.” | Apply interventions with an empathetic attitude, respecting the headache patient’s subjective experience. |
| Evaluation (judging the appropriateness of interventions and reflection) | L4 (Does) “Does it in real clinical practice.” | Judge the appropriateness of interventions based on changes in the headache patient’s symptoms and reactions. |
| Learning objectives | Integrated nursing competency | Clinical reasoning (algorithm) questions |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Collect clinical information through history-taking and physical examination for a patient with headache, including comprehensive history of pain pattern (PQRST), triggers (stress, food, hormonal cycle), lifestyle, and work environment. | Communication and interpersonal | What is the patient’s most critical problem, and what information is needed to address it? |
| 1) What are the red flag signs suggesting life‑threatening headaches? | ||
| • Any unusually frequent or unusually severe headaches? | ||
| • Have you had this type of headache before? | ||
| • On a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain ever), how severe is the pain? | ||
| • Do you have a history of recent trauma to the head of loss of consciousness? | ||
| 2) After determining that a headache is not serious, how can I narrow down the cause? | ||
| • What are the pain characteristics, aggravating factors, and duration? | ||
| • Any family history of headache? | ||
| • Any prodrome or aura signs before the headache? | ||
| 3) Physical examination | ||
| • Inspection: If ataxic gait, uncoordinated movements, or changes in consciousness are present, recognize that this is an emergency requiring neurological assessment. Refer to the emergency center. | ||
| • Take vital signs and test neck stiffness for meningitis. | ||
| • Palpate and percuss the skull | ||
| 4) Consider laboratories studies such as hemoglobin (anemia), WBC (infection), etc. | ||
| 2. Perform diagnostic reasoning by integrating headache characteristics and clinical clues to infer causes and identify priority nursing problems (e.g., chronic pain, ineffective coping) and assess impact on daily life and quality of life. | Nursing practice and decision-making | Based on the collected data, what is the priority nursing problem and what key cues support it? |
| • What other symptoms does the patient have? | ||
| • Do headache features suggest migraine (nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia). | ||
| • Are there aura symptoms (visual, sensory, language) indicating migraine with aura. | ||
| • Does migraine affect daily life? | ||
| 3. Propose appropriate nursing interventions based on diagnostic reasoning, collaborate with other professionals as needed, and develop a self‑management education plan that includes nonpharmacologic interventions (e.g., lifestyle modification) and correct use of analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen). | Health promotion and prevention | What are the priority nursing interventions to resolve the migraine? |
| Leadership and teamwork | • Can environmental or dietary triggers be modified? | |
| • What medication precautions should the patient be taught when using migraine treatments? | ||
| • Are there areas that require collaboration with other specialties? | ||
| 4. Apply interventions with respect for the patient’s subjective experience, using an empathic approach while delivering the planned self‑management education (e.g., relaxation therapy, limiting caffeine). | Professionalism and ethics | Can you demonstrate empathy and assess the patient’s capacity to manage migraine and pain control? |
| • Does the patient recognize any family history of migraine? | ||
| • Does the patient understand the need for a quiet, dark environment to help control migraine? | ||
| 5. Evaluate interventions by monitoring symptom changes and patient‑reported responses using health IT and digital health tools; assess adherence and effectiveness (headache frequency and intensity), and revise the care plan if goals are unmet. | Quality improvement and safety | What is the key evidence for determining whether the intervention was successful? |
| Health IT and digital health | • What evidence can confirm the success of the nursing intervention? | |
| • If nursing goals for reducing environmental triggers or implementing lifestyle changes are not met, which steps of the plan should be revised? |
IT, information technology; PQRST, Provocation/Palliation, Quality, Region/Radiation, Severity, and Timing; WBC, white blood cell.
