, 노주희2
, Ju-Hee Nho2
1우석대학교 간호대학
2전북대학교 간호대학ㆍ간호과학연구소
1College of Nursing, Woosuk University, Wanju, South Korea
2College of NursingㆍResearch Institute of Nursing Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
© 2026 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (No. NRF-2020R1F1A1050767).
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.26047.
Supplementary Material 1. Research hypothesis
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: EJK, JHN. Methodology: EJK, JHN. Software: EJK, JHN. Validation: EJK, JHN. Formal analysis: EJK. Investigation: EJK, JHN. Resources: EJK, JHN. Data curation: EJK. Visualization: EJK, JHN. Supervision: JHN. Project administration: JHN. Funding acquisition: JHN. Writing–original draft: EJK, JHN. Writing–review & editing: EJK, JHN. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| Characteristic | Infertile women (n=115) | Spouse (n=115) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 36.1±4.12 (25–46) | 38.7±4.15 (31–56) |
| <35 | 39 (33.9) | 13 (11.3) |
| ≥35 | 76 (66.1) | 102 (88.7) |
| Occupation | ||
| Yes | 93 (80.9) | 114 (99.1) |
| No | 22 (19.1) | 1 (0.9) |
| Religion | ||
| Yes | 47 (40.9) | 53 (46.1) |
| No | 68 (59.1) | 62 (53.9) |
| Education level | ||
| ≤High school | 7 (6.1) | 11 (9.6) |
| College | 97 (84.3) | 84 (73.0) |
| ≥Master’s degree | 11 (9.6) | 20 (17.4) |
| Marital period (yr) | 3.16±0.83 | |
| <1 | 3 (2.6) | |
| 1–2.9 | 23 (20.0) | |
| 3–4.9 | 42 (36.5) | |
| ≥5 | 47 (40.9) | |
| Infertility treatment period (yr) | 1.97±0.78 | |
| <1 | 31 (27.0) | |
| 1–2.9 | 61 (53.0) | |
| 3–4.9 | 18 (15.7) | |
| ≥5 | 5 (4.3) | |
| Household income (1,000 Korean won) | ||
| <300 | 3 (2.7) | |
| 300–399 | 22 (19.1) | |
| 400–499 | 22 (19.1) | |
| ≥500 | 68 (59.1) | |
| Experienced infertility treatment methoda) | ||
| No | 5 (4.3) | |
| Ovulation induction | 89 (77.4) | |
| Intrauterine insemination | 63 (54.8) | |
| In vitro fertilization | 26 (22.6) | |
| Others | 34 (29.6) | |
| Experienced infertility treatment method within last 3 monthsa) | ||
| No | 13 (11.3) | |
| Ovulation induction | 63 (54.8) | |
| Intrauterine insemination | 43 (37.4) | |
| In vitro fertilization | 27 (23.5) | |
| Others | 19 (16.5) |
| Variable | Infertile women (n=115) | Spouse (n=115) | Range of scale | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min–max | Median (IQR) | Mean±SD | Min–max | Median (IQR) | Mean±SD | ||
| Infertility stress | 1–6 | ||||||
| Total | 2.15–4.41 | 3.46 (3.08–3.65) | 3.35±0.44 | 1.63–4.28 | 3.15 (2.83–3.41) | 3.09±0.51 | |
| Social concern | 1.70–4.90 | 3.50 (3.10–3.70) | 3.38±0.60 | 1.00–4.40 | 3.20 (2.70–3.50) | 3.04±0.65 | |
| Sexual concern | 1.00–4.75 | 3.38 (2.88–3.88) | 3.27±0.78 | 1.00–4.38 | 3.00 (2.25–3.38) | 2.78±0.79 | |
| Relational concern | 1.50–4.90 | 3.40 (2.90–3.60) | 3.26±0.56 | 1.50–4.50 | 3.20 (2.90–3.60) | 3.19±0.62 | |
| Rejection of daily life without children | 1.13–4.25 | 2.50 (2.13–2.88) | 2.54±0.60 | 1.13–3.88 | 2.38 (2.00–2.88) | 2.38±0.65 | |
| Need to be parents | 2.10–6.00 | 4.20 (3.70–4.50) | 4.13±0.64 | 1.20–5.50 | 3.80 (3.50–4.20) | 3.86±0.68 | |
| Dyadic coping | 1–5 | ||||||
| Total | 2.16–4.62 | 3.67 (3.35–3.85) | 3.58±0.38 | 2.55–5.00 | 3.90 (3.39–4.12) | 3.85±0.54 | |
| Dyadic coping by oneself | 2.60–4.60 | 3.53 (3.20–3.71) | 3.48±0.35 | 2.53–5.00 | 3.93 (3.27–4.13) | 3.81±0.58 | |
| Dyadic coping by partner | 2.13–5.00 | 3.53 (3.27–3.67) | 3.49±0.38 | 2.60–5.00 | 3.93 (3.33–4.20) | 3.83±0.59 | |
| Subjective happiness | 1–7 | ||||||
| Total | 1.33–7.00 | 4.67 (4.33–5.67) | 4.88±0.93 | 1.33–7.00 | 5.00 (4.67–6.00) | 5.12±0.50 | |
| Relative happiness | 1.50–7.00 | 5.00 (4.50–5.50) | 5.00±0.97 | 1.50–7.00 | 5.50 (4.50–6.00) | 5.22±1.15 | |
| Comparative happiness | 1.00–7.00 | 5.00 (4.00–5.00) | 4.64±1.16 | 1.00–7.00 | 5.00 (4.00–6.00) | 4.93±1.33 | |
| Variable | Infertile women | Spouse | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
| Infertile women (n=115) | 1. Infertility stress | ||||||
| 2. Dyadic coping | –.21 (.011) | ||||||
| 3. Subjective happiness | –.38 (<.001) | .50 (<.001) | |||||
| Spouse (n=115) | 4. Infertility stress | .48 (<.001) | –.21 (.013) | –.30 (.001) | |||
| 5. Dyadic coping | –.37 (<.001) | .63 (<.001) | .48 (<.001) | –.48 (<.001) | |||
| 6. Subjective happiness | –.26 (.003) | .37 (<.001) | .55 (<.001) | –.44 (<.001) | .48 <.001) | ||
| Path | β | t | p | f2 | Adjusted R2 | Q2 | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actor effect | Infertility stress (W) → Subjective happiness (W) | –.34 | 3.39 | <.001 | .12 | .40 | .36 | |
| Dyadic coping (W) → Subjective happiness (W) | .24 | 2.53 | .006 | .08 | ||||
| Partner effect | Dyadic coping (M) → Subjective happiness (W) | .24 | 2.46 | .007 | .03 | |||
| Infertility stress (M) → Subjective happiness (W) | –.01 | .13 | .448 | .01 | ||||
| Actor effect | Infertility stress (M) → Subjective happiness (M) | –.32 | 2.13 | .017 | .09 | .24 | .12 | |
| Dyadic coping (M) → Subjective happiness (M) | .19 | 1.33 | .092 | .01 | ||||
| Partner effect | Dyadic coping (W) → Subjective happiness (M) | .18 | 1.67 | .047 | .03 | |||
| Infertility stress (W) → Subjective happiness (M) | .09 | .60 | .276 | .01 | ||||
| Actor effect | Infertility stress (W) → Dyadic coping (F) | –.28 | 2.13 | .017 | .07 | .08 | .24 | |
| Infertility stress (M) → Dyadic coping (M) | –.56 | 6.75 | <.001 | .36 | .36 | .32 | ||
| Partner effect | Infertility stress (W) → Dyadic coping (M) | –.07 | .72 | .235 | .02 | |||
| Infertility stress (M) → Dyadic coping (W) | .01 | .05 | .479 | .00 | ||||
| Actor effect | Infertility stress (W) → Dyadic coping (W) → Subjective happiness (W) | –.07 | 1.69 | .046 | –0.13 to –0.00 | |||
| Infertility stress (M) → Dyadic coping (M) → Subjective happiness (M) | –.10 | 1.27 | .103 | –0.25 to 0.01 | ||||
| Partner effect | Infertility stress (M) → Dyadic coping (M) → Subjective happiness (W) | –.14 | 2.30 | .011 | –0.24 to –0.04 | |||
| Infertility stress (W) → Dyadic coping (M) → Subjective happiness (W) | –.02 | .66 | .255 | –0.06 to 0.02 | ||||
| Infertility stress (M) → Dyadic coping (W) → Subjective happiness (M) | .00 | .05 | .482 | –0.034 to 0.04 | ||||
| Infertility stress (W) → Dyadic coping (W) → Subjective happiness (M) | –.05 | 1.13 | .129 | –0.14 to 0.01 | ||||
| Infertility stress (W) → Dyadic coping (M) → Subjective happiness (M) | –.01 | .48 | .315 | –0.07 to 0.01 | ||||
| Infertility stress (M) → Dyadic coping (W) → Subjective happiness (W) | .00 | .05 | .481 | –0.06 to 0.04 | ||||
| SRMR | .07 | |||||||
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation (range) or number (%) unless otherwise stated. a)Multiple response analysis.
IQR, interquartile range (25th percentile to 75th percentile); SD, standard deviation.
Values are presented as rho (
CI, confidence interval; M, men; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; W, women.
