, 전미경2
, Mi-Kyeong Jeon2
1가야대학교 간호학과
2국립창원대학교 간호학과
1Department of Nursing, Kaya University, Gimhae, Korea
2Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
© 2025 Korean Society of Nursing Science
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0) If the original work is properly cited and retained without any modification or reproduction, it can be used and re-distributed in any format and medium.
Conflicts of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Acknowledgements
None.
Data Sharing Statement
Please contact the corresponding author for data availability.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25113.
Supplementary Table 1. Item analysis of initial questions (N=409)
jkan-25113-Supplementary-Table-1.pdf
Supplementary Table 2. Discriminant validity (N=205)
jkan-25113-Supplementary-Table-2.pdf
Supplementary Table 3. Discriminant validity (N=205)
Author Contributions
Conceptualization or/and Methodology: SYS, MKJ. Data curation or/and Analysis: SYS, MKJ. Funding acquisition: none. Investigation: SYS. Project administration or/and Supervision: MKJ. Resources or/and Software: SYS. Validation: SYS, MKJ. Visualization: SYS. Writing: original draft or/and Review & Editing: SYS, MKJ. Final approval of the manuscript: all authors.
| Characteristic | Total (n=409) | EFA (n=204) | CFA (n=205) | χ2 or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.00 | .992 | |||
| Men | 18 (4.4) | 9 (4.4) | 9 (4.4) | ||
| Women | 391 (95.6) | 195 (95.6) | 196 (95.6) | ||
| Age (yr) | 3.64 | .303 | |||
| <29 | 28 (6.8) | 12 (5.9) | 16 (7.8) | ||
| 30–39 | 104 (25.4) | 53 (26.0) | 51 (24.9) | ||
| 40–49 | 143 (35.0) | 79 (38.7) | 64 (31.2) | ||
| ≥50 | 134 (32.8) | 60 (29.4) | 74 (36.1) | ||
| Mean±SD | 44.0±9.48 | 43.4±8.84 | 44.6±10.06 | –1.33 | .185 |
| Marital status | 0.45 | .501 | |||
| Unmarried | 96 (23.5) | 45 (22.1) | 51 (24.9) | ||
| Married | 313 (76.5) | 159 (77.9) | 154 (75.1) | ||
| Religion | 0.88 | .348 | |||
| Yes | 222 (54.3) | 106 (52.0) | 116 (56.6) | ||
| No | 187 (45.7) | 98 (48.0) | 89 (43.4) | ||
| Education level | 1.04 | .595 | |||
| Diploma | 221 (54.0) | 112 (54.9) | 109 (53.2) | ||
| Bachelor’s | 172 (42.1) | 86 (42.2) | 86 (41.9) | ||
| ≥Master’s | 16 (3.9) | 6 (2.9) | 10 (4.9) | ||
| Total nursing career (yr) | 2.75 | .431 | |||
| <10 | 128 (31.3) | 61 (29.9) | 67 (32.7) | ||
| 10–15 | 98 (24.0) | 56 (27.5) | 42 (20.5) | ||
| 15–20 | 77 (18.8) | 36 (17.6) | 41 (20.0) | ||
| ≥20 | 106 (25.9) | 51 (25.0) | 55 (26.8) | ||
| Mean±SD | 14.08±8.14 | 13.96±7.35 | 14.20±8.87 | –0.30 | .762 |
| Total nursing career at long-term care hospital (yr) | 0.88 | .831 | |||
| <5 | 142 (34.7) | 71 (34.8) | 71 (34.6) | ||
| 5–10 | 141 (34.5) | 74 (36.3) | 67 (32.7) | ||
| 10–15 | 99 (24.2) | 46 (22.5) | 53 (25.9) | ||
| >15 | 27 (6.6) | 13 (6.4) | 14 (6.8) | ||
| Mean±SD | 7.15±4.43 | 7.00±4.45 | 7.29±4.42 | –0.65 | .517 |
| Position | 2.99 | .224 | |||
| Staff nurse | 298 (72.8) | 156 (76.5) | 142 (69.3) | ||
| Charge nurse | 26 (6.4) | 10 (4.9) | 168 (7.8) | ||
| ≥Head nurse | 85 (20.8) | 38 (18.6) | 47 (22.9) | ||
| EOLC experience | 2.13 | .145 | |||
| Yes | 338 (82.6) | 163 (79.9) | 175 (85.4) | ||
| No | 71 (17.4) | 41 (20.1) | 30 (14.6) | ||
| Terminal care or hospice palliative care educational experience | 0.29 | .588 | |||
| Yes | 234 (57.2) | 114 (55.9) | 120 (58.5) | ||
| No | 175 (42.8) | 90 (44.1) | 85 (41.5) | ||
| EOLC educational needs | 1.28 | .865 | |||
| Disagree | 14 (3.4) | 6 (3.0) | 8 (3.9) | ||
| Agree | 395 (96.6) | 198 (97.0) | 197 (96.1) | ||
| Intention to participate EOLC educational | 2.38 | .666 | |||
| Disagree | 16 (3.9) | 10 (4.9) | 6 (2.9) | ||
| Agree | 393 (96.1) | 194 (95.1) | 199 (97.1) | ||
| Experience of family death | 1.08 | .300 | |||
| Yes | 211 (51.6) | 100 (49.0) | 111 (54.1) | ||
| No | 198 (48.4) | 104 (51.0) | 94 (45.9) |
| Factor/items | Factor loading | Communality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||
| Factor 1. End-of life care plan | ||||||||
| 11. I am able to establish EOLC goals for patients at the EOL stage. | .90 | .82 | ||||||
| 10. I am able to evaluate established nursing goals for patients at the EOL stage. | .83 | .71 | ||||||
| 12. I am able to develop nursing plans based on advance care planning. | .80 | .71 | ||||||
| 13. I am able to evaluate whether nursing plans based on advance care planning achieve desired outcomes. | .75 | .64 | ||||||
| Factor 2. Professional development | ||||||||
| 53. I am able to participate in hospice and palliative care education or seminars to gain knowledge related to EOLC. | .81 | .67 | ||||||
| 54. I am able to apply standard guidelines to manage pain and physical symptoms in patients at the EOL stage. | .80 | .70 | ||||||
| 55. I am able to integrate a variety of knowledge types, including hospice and palliative care, when providing EOLC. | .78 | .71 | ||||||
| 52. I am able to participate in continuing education and research related to EOLC. | .77 | .60 | ||||||
| Factor 3. Information provision and education | ||||||||
| 46. I am able to explain the withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment to patients at the EOL stage and their families. | .86 | .77 | ||||||
| 47. I am able to provide information about the patient’s condition and appropriate nursing care to patients at the EOL stage and their families. | .80 | .70 | ||||||
| 45. I am able to explain advance directives and life-sustaining treatment plans to patients at the EOL stage, their families, and other members of the relevant healthcare team. | .77 | .61 | ||||||
| 48. I am able to explain changes in the conditions of patients at the EOL stage to their families. | .70 | .61 | ||||||
| 23. I am able to discuss the withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments with patients at the EOL stage or their families, when the patient’s clinical condition worsens. | .63 | .46 | ||||||
| 49. I am able to educate family members (i.e., caregivers) in advance regarding the symptoms that may occur during the EOL process. | .62 | .50 | ||||||
| Factor 4. Person-centered care and communication | ||||||||
| 15. I am able to communicate in a way that allows patients at the EOL stage and their families to express their emotions. | –.89 | .80 | ||||||
| 17. I am able to communicate with patients at the EOL stage in ways that consider their ages, values, religions, and cultural backgrounds. | –.70 | .60 | ||||||
| 16. I am able to talk to patients at the EOL stage, or their families, about death and the dying process. | –.69 | .50 | ||||||
| 30. I am able to identify the cultural needs (e.g., beliefs and rituals) of patients at the EOL stage and their families, and provide care accordingly. | –.67 | .61 | ||||||
| 29. I am able to provide encouragement and support for patients at the EOL stage to empower them to carry out their daily activities as independently as possible. | –.65 | .50 | ||||||
| 27. I am able to provide emotional, psychological, and spiritual care to promote comfort for patients at the EOL stage. | –.62 | .54 | ||||||
| Factor 5. Collaboration between team members | ||||||||
| 19. I am able to communicate clearly and collaboratively with team members to provide effective EOLC. | –.89 | .80 | ||||||
| 18. I am able to communicate and interact continuously with team members to address the needs and challenges of patients at the EOL stage and their families. | –.78 | .65 | ||||||
| 20. I am able to document and share the challenges and needs of patients at the EOL stage and their families with team members. | –.78 | .65 | ||||||
| Factor 6. Resource management | ||||||||
| 38. I am able to utilize and coordinate human and material resources to provide EOLC. | –.82 | .73 | ||||||
| 37. I am able to carry out efficient task sharing with other team members during the EOLC process. | –.69 | .60 | ||||||
| Factor 7. Comprehensive symptom management | ||||||||
| 1. I am able to continuously assess and evaluate pain and physical symptoms in patients at the EOL stage. | .73 | .55 | ||||||
| 2. I am able to comprehensively assess the psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of patients at the EOL stage. | .69 | .52 | ||||||
| 3. I am able to perform pharmacological interventions to manage pain and physical symptoms in patients at the EOL stage. | .62 | .41 | ||||||
| 5. I am able to identify and respond to physical and psychological changes during the dying process and imminent death in ways that maintain sensitivity. | .61 | .41 | ||||||
| 4. I am able to perform non-pharmacological interventions to manage pain and physical symptoms in patients at the EOL stage. | .53 | .41 | ||||||
| Eigenvalue | 11.81 | 2.23 | 1.90 | 1.69 | 1.29 | 1.14 | 1.01 | |
| Explained variance (%) | 39.37 | 7.45 | 6.32 | 5.62 | 4.30 | 3.80 | 3.36 | |
| Cumulative explained variance (%) | 39.37 | 46.82 | 53.13 | 58.748 | 63.04 | 66.84 | 70.21 | |
| Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin | .90 | |||||||
| Bartlett’s test of sphericity | χ2=3,901.95, df=435, p<.001 | |||||||
| Model | χ2 (p) | χ2/df | SRMR | RMSEA (95% CI) | CFI | TLI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | >.05 | ≤3 | <.08 | ≤.08 | ≥.90 | ≥.90 |
| Hypothetical | 793.73 (<.001) | 2.07 | .06 | .07 (0.07–0.08) | .89 | .88 |
| Modified | 730.01 (<.001) | 1.91 | .06 | .07 (0.06–0.07) | .91 | .90 |
| Factor/item | B | SE | β | C.R. (p) | AVE | CR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor 1 | .83 | .95 | ||||
| 11 | 1 | .93 | - | |||
| 10 | 0.93 | 0.05 | .88 | 19.33 (<.001) | ||
| 12 | 0.84 | 0.05 | .81 | 16.08 (<.001) | ||
| 13 | 0.85 | 0.06 | .77 | 14.72 (<.001) | ||
| Factor 2 | .66 | .88 | ||||
| 53 | 1 | .62 | - | |||
| 54 | 1.29 | 0.14 | .84 | 9.14 (<.001) | ||
| 55 | 1.23 | 0.13 | .86 | 9.26 (<.001) | ||
| 52 | 0.95 | 0.10 | .59 | 10.56 (<.001) | ||
| Factor 3 | .73 | .94 | ||||
| 46 | 1 | .82 | - | |||
| 47 | 0.83 | 0.07 | .80 | 12.88 (<.001) | ||
| 45 | 0.95 | 0.08 | .78 | 12.67 (<.001) | ||
| 48 | 0.72 | 0.06 | .73 | 11.53 (<.001) | ||
| 23 | 0.65 | 0.08 | .57 | 8.44 (<.001) | ||
| 49 | 0.88 | 0.07 | .82 | 13.38 (<.001) | ||
| Factor 4 | .61 | .90 | ||||
| 15 | 1 | .66 | - | |||
| 17 | 1.18 | 0.13 | .73 | 9.03 (<.001) | ||
| 16 | 1.00 | 0.13 | .62 | 7.79 (<.001) | ||
| 30 | 1.05 | 0.13 | .67 | 8.36 (<.001) | ||
| 29 | 0.98 | 0.12 | .63 | 7.90 (<.001) | ||
| 27 | 1.15 | 0.13 | .72 | 8.89 (<.001) | ||
| Factor 5 | .86 | .95 | ||||
| 19 | 1 | .91 | - | |||
| 18 | 0.96 | 0.06 | .84 | 16.20 (<.001) | ||
| 20 | 0.88 | 0.06 | .84 | 16.15 (<.001) | ||
| Factor 6 | .79 | .89 | ||||
| 38 | 1 | .82 | - | |||
| 37 | 0.80 | 0.07 | .78 | 10.68 (<.001) | ||
| Factor 7 | .63 | .90 | ||||
| 1 | 1 | .74 | - | |||
| 2 | 0.93 | 0.11 | .62 | 8.11 (<.001) | ||
| 3 | 0.91 | 0.12 | .61 | 7.93 (<.001) | ||
| 5 | 0.89 | 0.11 | .62 | 8.04 (<.001) | ||
| 4 | 1 | 0.11 | .70 | 9.00 (<.001) |
| Variable | Category | Factor | Total (p) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |||
| Convergent validity | Self-perceived EOLC competencies | .55 (<.001) | .61 (<.001) | .61 (<.001) | .64 (<.001) | .56 (<.001) | .55 (<.001) | .56 (<.001) | .76 (<.001) |
| Internal consistency reliability | Cronbach’s ⍺ | .91 | .86 | .88 | .85 | .88 | .79 | .79 | .95 |
| McDonald’s ω | .90 | .85 | .89 | .85 | .88 | – | .79 | .95 | |
| Spearman–Brown | – | – | – | – | – | .79 | – | – | |
| Test-retest | PCC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .56 (<.001) |
| ICC (95% CI, p) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | .72 (0.51–0.84; <.001) | |
| 번호 | 문항(“나는 OO 할 수 있다.”) | 전혀 그렇지 않다 | 그렇지 않다 | 보통이다 | 그렇다 | 매우 그렇다 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 생애말 환자의 통증 및 신체 증상을 지속적으로 사정하고 평가할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 2 | 생애말 환자의 심리ㆍ정서적, 사회적, 영적 측면을 포괄적으로 사정할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | 생애말 환자의 통증 및 신체 증상을 조절하기 위해 약물 중재를 수행할 수 있다. (예, 마약성 진통제, 항전간제, 항우울제 등) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | 생애말 환자의 통증 및 신체 증상을 조절하기 위해 비약물 중재를 수행할 수 있다. (예, 온요법, 냉요법, 맛사지, 이완요법 등) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 5 | 임종기 과정 및 임박한 임종에서 나타나는 신체적, 정신적 변화 등을 민감하게 식별하여 대처할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | 생애말 환자에 대한 생애말 간호목표를 수립할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | 생애말 환자에 대한 수립되어 있는 간호목표를 평가할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | 사전치료계획에 따라 간호계획을 수립할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9 | 사전치료계획에 따라 수립된 간호계획의 결과를 평가할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 10 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족이 자신의 감정을 표현할 수 있도록 소통할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 11 | 생애말 환자 또는 그 가족과 죽음 및 죽어감에 대해 이야기할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 12 | 생애말 환자의 연령, 가치관, 종교 및 문화적 배경에 맞추어 의사소통을 할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 13 | 생애말 환자가 편안할 수 있도록 정서적, 심리적, 영적 돌봄을 제공할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 14 | 생애말 환자가 가능한 한 스스로 일상생활을 할 수 있도록 격려와 지지를 제공할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 15 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족이 지닌 문화적 요구(신념, 문화적 의식)를 확인하여 그에 맞는 돌봄을 제공할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 16 | 생애말 간호 과정에서 팀원들과 효율적인 업무분담을 수행할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 17 | 인적·물적 자원을 활용하고 연계하여 생애말 간호를 제공할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 18 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족의 요구나 문제를 해결하기 위해 팀원들과 지속적으로 소통하고 교류할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 19 | 생애말 간호를 효과적으로 제공하기 위해 팀원들과 명확하고 상호 협조적으로 의사소통을 할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 20 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족의 문제나 요구를 기록하여 팀원들 간에 공유할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 21 | 생애말 환자의 임상적 상태가 악화될 때 연명치료 중단과 유보에 대해 환자 또는 그 가족과 논의를 할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 22 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족, 팀원들에게 사전연명의료의향서와 연명의료계획서에 대해 설명할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 23 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족에게 연명치료 중단과 유보에 대해 설명할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 24 | 생애말 환자와 그 가족에게 환자의 상태와 그에 맞는 간호내용에 대한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 25 | 가족에게 생애말 환자의 상태변화를 설명할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 26 | 가족(보호자)들에게 임종기 과정에서 나타날 수 있는 증상에 대하여 사전에 교육할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 27 | 생애말 간호와 관련된 보수교육과 연구에 참여할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 28 | 생애말 간호와 관련된 지식을 얻기 위해 호스피스완화간호 교육이나 세미나 등에 참여할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 29 | 생애말 환자의 통증 및 신체적 증상을 조절하기 위해 표준지침을 적용할 수 있다. (임종돌봄임상지침) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 30 | 생애말 간호 제공 시 호스피스완화 간호뿐만 아니라 다양한 지식을 통합할 수 있다. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±SD unless otherwise stated. CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; EFA, exploratory factor analysis; EOLC, end-of-life care; SD, standard deviation.
df, degrees of freedom; EOL, end-of-life; EOLC, end-of-life care.
CFI, comparative fit index; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SRMR, standardized root mean square residual; TLI, Tucker-Lewis index.
AVE, average variance extracted; CR, construct reliability; C.R., critical ratio; SE, standard error.
Convergent validity was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) and corresponding CI, confidence interval; EOLC, end-of-life care; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; PCC, Pearson correlation coefficient.
역문항 없음. 요인별 문항 번호: 포괄적 증상관리: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ; 생애말 간호계획: 6, 7, 8, 9 ; 인간중심돌봄과 의사소통: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; 자원관리: 16, 17; 팀원 간 협력: 18, 19, 20;정보제공과 교육: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26; 전문성 개발: 27, 28, 29, 30.
