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• Falls caused by balance disorders in the elderly with multiple systems involved: Pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies
  Liwei Xing, Yi Bao, Binyang Wang, Mingqin Shi, Yuanyuan Wei, Xiaoyi Huang, Youwu Dai, Hongling Shi, Xuesong Gai, Qiu Luo, Yong Yin, Dongdong Qin
  Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

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• Outcomes of the Together for Life Program in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Living Alone: A Pilot Study
  Hye Seung Choi, Younghye Park, Hae-Ra Han, Jong-Eun Lee
  Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2025; 51(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Development of core outcome set for healthy aging treatment in primary care settings
  Soobin Jang, Hyein Jeong, Jungi Park, Mi Mi Ko, Jeeyoun Jung
  Integrative Medicine Research.2025; 14(4): 101205.     CrossRef
• Development and effects of a customized integrated health management program for older adults living alone: A nonequivalent control-group pre-posttest design
  Mooyong Cho
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(3): 295.     CrossRef
• Primary-level and community worker interventions for the prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of well-being in low- and middle-income countries
  Marianna Purgato, Eleonora Prina, Caterina Ceccarelli, Camilla Cadorin, Jibril O Abdulmalik, Francesco Amaddeo, Lyria Arcari, Rachel Churchill, Mark JD Jordans, Crick Lund, Davide Papola, Eleonora Uphoff, Nadja van Ginneken, Wietse Anton Tol, Corrado Barb
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Effects of Physical Health Status, Social Support, and Depression on Quality of Life in the Korean Community-Dwelling Elderly
  Koung-Oh Chang, Dazhou Li
  Advances in Public Health.2023; 2023: 1.     CrossRef
• Development and application of a self-transcendence enhancement program for the well-being of elderly women living alone in Korea
  Sun-Mi Kim, Sukhee Ahn
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2021; 27(2): 128.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Physical Exercise Program on Physiological, Psychological, and Physical Function of Older Adults in Rural Areas
  Sunmi Kim, Eun-Jee Lee, Hyeon-Ok Kim
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8487.     CrossRef
• The Humanoid Robot Sil-Bot in a Cognitive Training Program for Community-Dwelling Elderly People with Mild Cognitive Impairment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial
  Eun-A Park, Ae-Ri Jung, Kyoung-A Lee
  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(15): 8198.     CrossRef

The purpose of the study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Task Self-Efficacy Scale for activities of daily living(ADL). The Task Self-Efficacy Scale was developed by Roberts(1996) for low-intensity exercise study with older people to predict their performance of ADL. The scale was translated and back translated by bilingual persons, and then was modified to resolve variations in the translations. The Korean version of Self-efficacy Scale of ADL was then administered to 193 elderly people including 95 hospitalized patients and 98 outpatients or healthy people. Face to face interview was used to fill out the structured questionnaire, and each interview took approximately 30 minutes. The subjects for the study were 80 women and 112 men with an age range of 65 to 95 years(M=71 years) of whom 82.6% classified themselves as moderate or quite active. Most subjects(80.2%) had an education level of elementary school or less. The Self-Efficacy Scale for ADL is measured on a 0 to 10 VAS, assessing three areas of ADL : self care activities, household tasks, and motor tasks. The higher the score is the higher person's confidence in performing ADL. Psychometric testing revealed that the scale was found to be internally consistent, showing a Cronbach's alpha of .97. The scale was significantly correlated with subjects' level of activity and subjective assessment of their health status. Moderate correlation with health-related hardiness scale also supported the validity. Factor analysis was performed to confirm whether the scale represents the three sub-areas as suggested in the literature. The results of the factor analysis led to a three factor solution according to Kaiser's criterion, but the items were not strongly and cleanly loaded for the third factor. This can be explained in that, among the three sub-ADL ares of the self-efficacy scale, the areas of self care activities and household tasks seem to have similar levels of difficulty in performance with not enough differences for the self-efficacy scale to distinguish between the two areas. Therefore, one factor solution was suggested since ADL can be seen a unit of activities as similar level of difficulty in performance. One factor solution explained 68.1% of variance of the 19-item scale and all items all correlated over .6 with the factor, showing that the selected factor solution fits the model. The results indicated that the Korean version of Task Self-Efficacy Scale for ADL was reliable and valid in producing useful information to evaluate the effects of various interventions toward promoting health and quality of life for elderly people.

The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of 12-week low-intensity exercise program on muscle strength, flexibility, balance, and cognitive characteristics related to the performance of activity of daily living(ADL). A total of 16 patients who were admitted to the medical unit of a general hospital in ChoongChung province were recruited eight for the exercise group and eight for the comparison group. Four levels of low-intensity exercise from 'ROM on bed' to 'exercise while walking' were then applied to the exercise group according to their physical condition. During hospitalization, patients in the exercise group performed each level of the prescribed exercise with the researchers until they felt. comfortable doing it independently. The researchers also visited the patients' homes after discharge to make sure they could perform the exercise with Theraband in their living environment. The exercise group was contacted by phone once a week to assess the frequency and intensity in which they performed the exercise as well as their physical condition. The subjects in the comparison group participated in measurements for the study without performing the exercise and were contacted by phone after discharge, in a matched time frame with the exercise group, to assess physical condition. Muscle strength, flexibility, balance, cognitive characteristics, and performance of ADL for the two groups were compared at the pretest and the posttest after the low-intensity exercise program by utilizing SPSSWIN and the results are as follows : 1) At the posttest, measurments of muscle strengths showed that the strength of the dorsal flexor in the exercise group was significantly higher than in the comparison group. 2) Objective balance for the exercise group was significantly better than for the comparison group as measured by 'standing on one foot' and Tinetti gait and balance control. 3) The exercise group showed significantly higher task self-efficacy than the comparison group. 4) Perceived exertion for ADL for the exercise group was significantly lower than for the comparison group. 5) Improvement of performance of ADL without assistance was significantly for the exercise group than the comparison group. The findings suggest that a low-intensity exercise program would be useful for the elderly who show decline in their physical functioning due to hospitalization by partly improving physical strength, task self-efficacy, and performance of ADL. Directions for further research on issues of motivating people to exercise as well as of standardizing various types of exercise were discussed.

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• Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Basic Physical Capability Scale for Older Adults
  Eun-Ok Song, Gwi-Ryung Son Hong
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(1): 21.     CrossRef
• A study on the effects of exercise motivation of the elderly people on euphoria
  Ah-Ra Oh, Eun-Surk Yi
  Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation.2017; 13(4): 387.     CrossRef

This project was conducted using a survey method and through interviewing with four persons aged 60 years and over. An interview with an open-ended questionnaire was also used for elderly persons, families, oriental medicine doctor and nurses. topic-related literature review was also done. In total, 382 statements were derived. For content validity, nursing professionals were involved in this study. From that 48 items are developed. The subjects were 340 elderly persons over 60 years old. Data were collected during February and March 1997 and analyzed using the SPSS package The result are as follows. 1. Items with low Cronbach Coefficient alpha which means low correlation with total items were removed. 2. Factor analysis was done in order to confirm construct validity and eight factors were obtained from the results. The first factor, 'positive cognition of the aging process', the second factor, 'relationship network' the third factor, 'maintenance of physical functioning, the fourth factor', 'maintenance of peaceful mind' the fifth factor, 'keeping up with daily tasks' the sixth factor, 'continuous adequate body movement' the seventh factor, 'involvement of religion in the elderly person's life and the eight factor', 'appropriate resting'. Cronbach Coefficient alpha for the 33 items was .9127 Based on the result, the following is suggested 1. It is anticipated that the fundamental health of elderly person could be promoted by assessing healthy behaviors of elderly person with this assessment tool. 2. Further studies could be derived from this research. 3. Validity of this assessment tool should be further tested with and a larger sample of elderly person including in-patient elderly persons as well as nursing home residents.

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• Mediating Effect of Health Behavior between Meaning in Life and Happiness Related to Aging among Commuity-dwelling Older Adults During COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
  Eun-Ju Mun, Jin-Hwa Park
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2022; 24(3): 311.     CrossRef
• Study of the Successful Aging of the Elderly Women in Rural Area
  So Hee Shin, Keum Seong Jang, On Choi
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2019; 44(2): 198.     CrossRef
• HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIORS OF Older Adults Compared to Young and Middle-Aged Adults in Korea
  Mee Ock Gu, Young Eun
  Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2002; 28(5): 46.     CrossRef

This study was done to describe health promoting lifestyle and determine affecting factors in elderly based on the Heath Promotion Model by Pender. Cognitive-perceptual factors that were included in this study were self-efficacy and hardiness. Modifying factors were demographic characteristics(sex, age, partner, previous illness, education level, income and religion). The specific purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of self-efficacy, hardiness and the demographic chasteristics to health promoting lifestyle and to determine causal factors affecting the elderly. The subjects were a volunteer sample of 98 elderly in one city in? The instruments for this study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile(47items, 4scale), Health Related Hardiness Scale(22items, 6scale), general Self-Efficacy Scale((13items, 5scale). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Stepwise Multiple regression technique with SAS program were used to analyze the data. The Results of the study are follows ; 1) The average item score for the health promoting lifestyle was 2.63, the highest score on the subscales was interpersonal support(M=3.3), followed by self-actualization(M=2.9), nutrition (M=2.8), stress management(M=2.7), health responsibility(m=2.1) with the lowest being exercise(M=2.0). 2) A significant difference between education level, income, religion and health promoting lifestyle were found. 3) All of the subscales on health promoting lifestyle were positively related to total hardiness(r=0.330, p<0.001). The hardiness subscale of control was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.276, p<0.01), and commitment was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.315, p<0.001), exercise/nutrition(r=0.245, p<0.01), interpersonal support(r=0.278, p<0.01), stress management(r=0.250, p<0.01). Challenge was positively related to self-actualization(r=0.315, p<0.001), exercise/nutrition((r=0.245, p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between self-efficacy and all of the subscales of health promoting lifestyle. Self-efficacy showed a significant correlation only with control(r=0.469, p<0.001), committment(r=0.507, p<0.001), Challenge(r=0.489, p<0.001). 4) Committment, self-efficacy and income explained 25.01% of the variance for the total health promoting lifestyle. The results of this study show that commitment, self efficacy and income predicted the health promoting lifestyle of the elderly. So health promoting programs that increase committment and self-efficacy should be developed to promote a healthy lifestyle of the elderly, especially those who have low income.

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• Ego Integrity of the Elderly - Focusing on Mediator of Self-actualization -
  김고은, 신은주
  Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare.2016; 71(3): 109.     CrossRef

The main purpose of this study was getting related to the pain charactristic data of elderly. It contains past and present health status, daily living activity level, pain frequency, causes, pain area, pain intensity, pain worse causes, and pain releave causes, pain management methods. The subject were 79 elderly whose age were over 65 years old. They were lived in their home environment. Half of them were resident of middle range city at province and the others were Seoul city. The data was collected from Dec. 1st. 1995 to Jan. 30th. 1996. Interviews were held with semi-structured questionaire after pilot study by researchers. Pain measurement tool were used graphic rating scale and Abstract of Korean Pain Language Scale. To analize the subject's general characteristics, past and present health status, daily living activity level, characteristics about pain, pain management methods statistical SPSS for win frequency were employed. The findings were as follows; 1. There were 33(41.8%) male and 46(58.2%) female Below 69 year old were 20(25.3%), 70-79 year old were 42 (53.2%), over 80 year old were 17(21.5%), mean age was 74(from 65 to 89). 2. Buddhist were 24(30.4%), Christian were 29(36. 7%), the other religious status or nun religians were 26(32.9%). 3. Past good health status were 63(79.7%), not so good status were 6(7.6%). Present good health status were 19 (24.1%), moderated health status were 6(7.6%), not so good status were 14(17.7%). 4. Daily living activity limitation were 39(49.4%), nonlimitation of activity were 5(6.3%). 5. Walking limitation were 3(3.8%), nonlimitation walking were 52(65.8%). 6. Insomnia was 23(29.1%), no difficult were 38(48. 1%). 7. Chronic pain complaints were 64(81%), diseases causes of pain were 25(31.6%), bad health behavior causes of pain were 27(34.2%). 8. Most pain area were back 30(29.4%), leg 17(16. 7%), knee 16(15.7%), arm 13(12.7%), teeth, chest and head were each 5(4.9%), loin, trunk were each 4(3.9%), the other areas were 3(3%). 9. Pain intensity was 3.49(mean) by Korean Language Scale, 6.59(mean) by graphic rating scale. Sensitive pain was 3.5(47.9%), affective pain was 3(20.8%) It was high pain level and sensitive pain. 10. Most pain worse causes moving was 35(44.3%), pain relieving causes rest was 29(36.7%). 11. Pain management method were medication 40 (42.1%), physiotherapy 23(24.2%), hospital 12 (12.6%), the others 7(7.4%), none 13(13.7%). The conclusion; Present health status of eldery was not so good. Almost half of them have some diseases. Most common diseases of eldery were arthristis, respitatory and heart problems. Fourty nine percent of elderly had limitation of daily living activities. Eighty one percent of eldely had chronic pain. Most of them was back pain (30%). Pain intensity was high (score over 3.5). The worsening pain causes was moving and releiving causes was rest. Pain management method were pain medication, physiotherapy. Therefore, Nursing care plan for the elderly have to focus on pain because majority of elderly have chronic high level of pain related to the arthritis.

Regular long term dance movement could be one of ways to induce improvement of psychophysiological variables, resulting in improvement of quality of life. However, there have been few studies to evaluate the effect of dance movement training on both physiological and psychological variables in the elderly. This study was focused to determine the effect of Korean traditional dance movement training on psychophysiological variables-body weight, body fat, lean body mass, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, resting heart rate and blood pressure, depression and life satisfaction-in Korean elderly women. Thirty four subjects, aged between 65 and 75years who have normal cognition, sensory function, cerebellum function, cardiovascular function, participated in this study. Seventeen experimental group subjects were selected from E-elderly university in Kyung Gi province, and Seventeen control group subjects were selected from N -welfare facility in Seoul City. Seventeen experimental group subjects participated for 12weeks dance movement program. Korean traditional dance movement program was developed on the basis of Korean traditional dance and music by the author. The program consisted of approximately 50minutes of dance, 3times a week for 12weeks. During 50minutes workout, there were 15minutes of warm-up dancing, 25minutes of conditioning dance and 10minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. The body weight, body fat, lean body mass, muscle strength(grip strength, leg strength), muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, resting heart rate and blood pressure, depression and life satisfaction were measured prior to and following the experimental treatment. The participants in dance movement were interviewed focusing on subjective feeling following 12 week's regular dance movement. Data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, percentage of change, X2-test, t-test, and ANCOVA test using SPSS PC+ program. Subjec tive feeling was categorized into cognitopsy-chological and physiological responses. Results were obtained as follows: 1) The body weight(F=15.52, p=.000), body fat (F=18.33, p=.000) and lean body mass(F=7.28, p=.011) of the experimental group were significantly lower than those Of the control group following the dance movement training. 2) The leg strength (F=30.96, p=.000), muscle endurance (F=9.06, p=.005), agility(F=44.92, 000), flexibility(F=6.84, p=.014) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group following the dance movement training. There was no significant difference of grip strength (F=. 43, p=.515) between experimental and control groups. 3) The heart rate(F=26.96, p=.000), systolic (F=10.40, p=.000) and diastolic(F=3.99, p= .005) blood pressure at rest of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group following the dance movement training. 4) No significant difference of score of depression (F=3.49, p=.071) was observed between experimental and control groups. 5) Score of life satisfaction of experimental group was remarkably higher than that of control group following 12weeks of dance movement training (p<0.05). 6) Thematic responses about the dance movement following the training were positive. "I feel good" was the most frequent among cognitopsychol-ogical responses and "I feel lightness of body" was the most frequent among physiological responses. The results suggest that Korean traditional dance movement training can improve psychophysiological variables of Korean elderly.

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• The Effect of Dance Sports Program on Physical Function, Cognition, Depression and Quality of Life in Rural Elderly Women
  Yun-Hee An, Nam-Soo Hong, Hee-Jung Yoon
  Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2020; 45(4): 385.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Aerobic Exercise Therapy on Physical Functions in the Elderly
  Sook Hee Jung, Kyung Hee Chung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(2): 252.     CrossRef
• Retracted:Effects of Exercise Program on Physical Fitness, Depression, and Self‐Efficacy of Low‐Income Elderly Women in South Korea
  Kyung Rim Shin, Younhee Kang, Hyo Jung Park, Margaret Heitkemper
  Public Health Nursing.2009; 26(6): 523.     CrossRef

The problem of care of patients and families with Alzheimer's disease has become a conscious raising social policy issue in Korea. The government of the Republic of Korea has become cognizant of the situation and has begun searching for ways to remedy it. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding of the situation in which patients and their families are struggling and the enormous problems of care. With a realization of the urgent need, this study was done to investigate the situation and the care needs of families with patients with Alzheimer's Disease, and to compare the effectiveness of services utilized by the families in terms of cost and effects on patient's conditions and on family live. The Subjects for the study were 29 families with hospitalized patients, 25 families utilizing hospital outpatient clinics, 14 families utilizing day care facilities, and 16 families with homebound patients. A total of 84 families were interviewed by four trained interviewers using structured and semistructured questionnaires. The data produced from these interviews included: the patient's stage of Alzheimer's disease, patient's bizarre behavior, hours spent on patient care per day, family burden and quality of life, direct and indirect costs encountered in the care of patients, and the families' evaluation of the effectiveness of the services received. The data were analyzed to determine the relationships between family charactersistics, patient's conditions and services utilization. The effectiveness of each of the service entities was assessed through families evaluation and hoped for service and comparisons were made between services in terms of the cost-effectiveness ratios. After initial comparison of cost-effectiveness ratios, further analysis was done to compare between groups for incremental effectiveness for each incremental unit of cost to determine the most cost-effective service entities. The findings of the study are as fellows: 1. The choice of living arrangement and the types of services are a function of the stage of Alzheimer's condition and the economic status of the family. 2. Comparision of the cost of care showed that most expenses were encountered in by families with hospitalization, families using outpatient services, and families using day care services in that order. The least expense was involved in the care of homebound patients. The economic burden felt by families was in the same order as expenses. 3. The average number of hours spent on daily patient care was 9.9 hours for the outpatient clinic users, 9.7 hours for homebound patients, and 5.4 hours for day care users. 4. There were significant differences in the patient's conditions(CDRL), bizarre behaviors and the families's burden by living arrangement and/or types of service. However, no significant difference was found between groups in the family's quality of life. 5. The families rated the services of day care center as most effective for the care of the patients and families, except for a few families who had experienced some improvement in the patient's conditions. The outpatient clinic users expressed psychological comforts mainly in that the patient was being taken care of. For those hospitalized patients, families expressed the comfort of being relieved of the burden of care and that the patient is being professionally cared for. Form the analysis of the costs, hours of patient care, patient's bizarre behaviors, family's quality of life and burdens, and family's evaluation of services, it is concluded that up to the mid stage of Alzheimer's condition, the utilization of day care center services is found to be the most cost-effective, and toward the end stage of the Alzheimer's disease, it is hoped that there will be a establishment of long term or short term in-patient facilities for the protection of patients and preservation of the integrity of families for less cost. Thus, it was concluded that the family centered system of care is the most effective for Korea with systematic support systems developed for the care of patients and their families according to the needs of families as the patient's condition deteriorates.

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• Introducing Economic Evaluation as a Policy Tool in Korea: Will Decision Makers get Quality Information?
  Kun-Sei Lee, Werner B F Brouwer, Sang-Il Lee, Hye-Won Koo
  PharmacoEconomics.2005; 23(7): 709.     CrossRef

This paper was done to verify the use of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) which was developed by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman(1992) with modifi cations so that it is appropriate for Korean elders. Through the modified tool, it is possible to examine the mood of Korean elders and to contribute to the welfare of elders. The subjects were 370 elderly persons over 60 years old and the data for 319 persons(86%) were analyzed. The research tool was the POMS translated by Yun(1993) and corrected by the researcher. Data were collected between February 12 and April 9 in 1996 and analyzed using the SAS package. The result are as follows: 1. Items with low Cronbach coefficient alpha which means low correlation with total items were removed. The items were removed; friendly, tense, considerate, relaxed, sympathetic, resentful, good-natured, rebellious, trusting, carefree. 2. Overlapped or ambiguous items were discussed by colleagues and elders through verification of content-validity and were removed. Five items were removed in tense-anxiety, seven, in depression -dejection, three, in vigor-activity, three, in fatigue-inertia, two, in confusion-bewilderment, five, in friendliness, and six, in anger? hostility. Thirty four items remainined; angry, clear-headed, lively, confused, sorry, shaky, listless, peeved, sad, active, blue, hopeless, spiteful, uneasy, unable to concentrate, fatigued, helpful, nervous, lonely, cheerful, bitter, exhausted, anxious, ready to fight, sluggish, helpless, alert, deceived, efficient, worthless, forgetful, terrified, vigorous, and uncertain about things. 3. Factor analysis was done in order to confirm con struct validity and three factors were obtained from the result. The first factor, 'anxiety-depression' included 21 items, the second factor, 'vigor' included eight items, and the third factor, 'anger' included five items. Cronbach coefficient alpha for the 34 items was .95. Based on the result, the following is suggested: 1. a contribute to elder's welfare can be made by examining Korean elder's mood in life. 2. there is a need to develop tools appropriate to Korean culture which can be used to examine elders' mood. 3. The modified POMS tool needs to be reverified with appropriate age groups and settings.

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• The structural validity and latent profile characteristics of the Abbreviated Profile of Mood States among Chinese athletes
  Chenhao Tan, Jun Yin, Yan An, Jinhao Wang, Jun Qiu
  BMC Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of Emergency Room Admission in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis
  Eun Kyung Kim, Heeok Park
  Gastroenterology Nursing.2020; 43(1): 65.     CrossRef
• Music interventions for acquired brain injury
  Wendy L Magee, Imogen Clark, Jeanette Tamplin, Joke Bradt
  Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Factors affecting the Fatigue of Hospitalized Women Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
  Kyunghee Kim, MyoSuk Lee, Yeunhee Kwak, Ji-Su Kim
  Asian Oncology Nursing.2014; 14(3): 182.     CrossRef

No abstract available.

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• Effects of hand massage and game activity on the loneliness, comfort and the psychological well-being levels in older people
  Aysun Kazak Saltı, Sevilay Hintistan
  Geriatric Nursing.2025; 65: 103482.     CrossRef
• Endocrinological Evaluations of Brief Hand Massages in Palliative Care
  Iwao Osaka, Yukie Kurihara, Keiko Tanaka, Hisayoshi Nishizaki, Shigeru Aoki, Isamu Adachi
  The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.2009; 15(9): 981.     CrossRef
• Effects of hand massage on anxiety in cataract surgery using local anesthesia
  Man Soo Kim, Kyung Sook Cho, Heung-Myong Woo, Jae Ho Kim
  Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery.2001; 27(6): 884.     CrossRef
• The effect of expressive physical touch on patients with dementia
  E.J Kim, M.T Buschmann
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.1999; 36(3): 235.     CrossRef

It is important to evaluate nutritional status of elderly patients receiving dialysis, since wasting and malnutrition are their common problems. This study aims at assessing their nutritional status by the type and duration of dialysis. The nutritional status such as somatic fat and protein storage was evaluated with anthropometric measure including weight/height ratio, triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle circumference. It was also measured with albumin, transferrin, C3 and IGF-1 and calroie and protein intakes. The general clinical condition of patients was evaluated with the severity of uremia and metabolic acidosis, which were measured through the levels of serum urea, creatinine and bicarbonateion. The data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, Wilcoxon -rank sums test, Scheffe test, Kruskal -Wallis test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results are following; 1. There was no significant difference in the calorie and proten intakes by the type and duration of dialysis received. 2. As for the anthropometric measures, no significant difference was found by the type of dialysis in body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness and midarm muscle circumference. Yet these anthropometric measures differed significantly by the duration of dialysis in those elderly patients receiving hemodialysis(HD group), but this finding was not found in those receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD). 3. Regarding the indicators of uremia and metabolic acidosis, blood urea mtrogen(BUN) and creatinine were lower in the CAPD group than in the HD group, whereas bicarbonate ion was higher in the CAPD group than in the HD group, with no statistical significance. In the HD group, creatinine incresed significantly with the increase of the duration of dialysis. 4. Serum trasferrin and C3 were significantly higher in the CAPD group than in the HD group. However, each of biochmical indices did not show statistical significance by the duration of dialysis in both HD and CAPD groups. 5. Anthropometric measures were significantly associated with dietary intake. Significant correlations were observed between biocarbonate ion, BUN and creatinine. In addition, the correlations between serum protein and albumin and between transferrin and C3 were statistically significant. Yet, IGF-1 revealed no significant correlation with other nutritional indices. The above findings indicate that there were no difference in nutritional status mearsured with protein and calroie intakes between the type and duration of dialysis, but CAPD seems to benefit correcting uremia and metabolic acidosis than HD. Studies of dietary management for dialysis patients need to be pursued in order to improved the quality of aged patients receiving dialysis.

This study was done to provide information which would lead to nursing care of the elderly being more holistically through an understanding of the phenomena of powerlessness based on the lived experience of powernessless by the elderly, the meaning the elderly give to such phenomena, and what essence of powerlessness is. The methodology used in this study was Max Van Manen's phenomenological method based on the philosophy of Merleu-Ponty and a concerete approach was realized through the 11 steps suggested in the Van Manen's method. Data collection was done from March 2, 1995 to December 30, 1995. The subjects for this study were four elderly persons who lived with their families and who were over 60 years of age. Data were collected about the lived experience of the elderly, this researcher's experience of powerlessness, the linguistic meaning of powerlessness, idioms of the word or a feeling of powerlessness, and descriptions of powerlessness in the elderly as they appeared in the literature, are works, and phenomenological literature. All data were used to provide insights into the phenomena of powerlessness. Data about the experience of powerlessness by the elderly were collected through open interviews, participation, and observation. In the anlaysis of the theme of this study, the aspects of the theme, powerlessness in the elderly were clarified, thereby abstracting and finding meaningful statements by the elderly about their feeling of powerlessness, and then those significant statements were expressed as lingnistic transformations. The summarized findings from the study are as follows: 1. Five meanings of powerlessness in the elderly were defined, (weakness), (dependence), (frustration), (worthlessness) and (giving up). 2. (Weakness) means that the elderly experience, not only their aging but also, their becoming weak and the loss of physical function frequently caused by diseases. (Dependence) means that the elderly experience dependence without any influence from the surroundings and that elderly patients who are hospitalized lose their autonomy, follow entirely their doctor's prescriptions, use aid equipment and directions, and depend only on those things. (Frustration) means that the elderly experience the loss of their roles from the past, there by feeling that there is no work for them to do anymore and therefore feel unable to do anything. (Worthlessness) means that the elderly experience the feeling of losing their social roles from the past, having no financial ability, thereby being a burden to their children or the people around them, and therefore regarding themselves useless. (Giving up) means that the elderly experience the feeling of closeness to death in the final stage of their lifetime, lose hope to be bealed from their disease, and recognize the incontrollability of their own body. 3. From a general view of the meaning of the theme the powerlessness in the elderly -the most essential meaning of the theme is the (sense of loss). For the elderly are experiencing a sense of loss in the situation of being elderly and therefore being often hospitalized. Brief definitions of the five phenomena could be (weakness) meaning the loss of physical strength, (dependence) the loss of mentality caused by disease and hospitalization, (frustration) and (worthlessness) the loss of social performance caused by the loss of social functions from the past, and lastly (giving up) the loss of the controllability of such situations of aging and suffering disease. In light of the discussion above, it is understandable that the hospitalized elderly experience powerlessness not only as it related to their diseases but also to their normal aging, and this related to other characteristics of being elderly means that the (sense of loss) is the very essence of their powerlessness. 4. While most cases are of the normal elderly experiencing powerlessness in relation to their social network, cases of elderly who are hospitalized are of those experiencing powerlessness in relation to the loss of their physical desire. 5. The findings discussed above can serve as guidelines for nurses who take care of the ill elderly who are hospitalized and that can provide cues to appropriate nursing service, recognizing that the subjective experience of the objective age of the elderly is so important. Nurses can provide highly qualitative nursing service, based on their deep understanding of the suffering of the elderly due to feelings of powerlssness.

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• Hospitalization experience of elderly surgical patients: A phenomenological study
  Yujeong Shin, Dukyoo Jung, Hyunjoo Oh
  Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(1): 84.     CrossRef
• Korean Older Adults' Perceptions of the Aging Process
  Yeon-Gang Chung, Kyung-Hee Kim, Kyung-Sook Choi, Hye-Jin Kwon, Kyung-Sook Park, Mi-Hye Choi, Young-Hee Yom
  Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2008; 34(5): 36.     CrossRef

Sleep disturbance is a typical health problem of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent of sleep disturbance of Korean elderly, and to identify the influencing and predicting factors. A total of 15216 subjects were interviewed. To measure the quality of sleep, "The Korean Sleep" Scale was used, and as influencing factors on sleep, physical health, emotional and social activity variables were included. In this study, the percentage of a change of sleep pattern was 59.2%, and it was higher in elderly women and in above 80 yrs. But only 10.4% of subjects regarded a change of sleep pattern as a problem, and it was higher in elderly women. Total sleeping time was shorter in female and it was shortest in 65-69yrs. The higher age, the presence of Ds, the longer sickdays, the lower level of ADL and IADL, the more depressive, the more tedious during the daytime, and the less frequent engagement in exercise, the lower quality of sleep measured by KSS. Predicting variables of quality of sleep included depression, boredness during the daytime, sex, the presence of Ds, IADL, the frequency of exercise during a week, and age. These seven variables explained 13% of total quality of sleep. The extent of change of sleep pattern in the elderly is very high. Continuous efforts to increase quality of sleep of the elderly by intervening in factors influencing quality of sleep are needed.

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• Importance of Hypertension and Social Isolation in Causing Sleep Disruption in Dementia
  Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor, Tengku Aizan Hamid, Siti Sa’adiah Hassan Nudin, Chan Yoke Mun
  American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®.2014; 29(1): 61.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Social Support and Having a Partner on Sleep Quality in Dementia
  Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor, Tengku Aizan Hamid, Siti Sa’adiah Hassan Nudin, Chan Yoke Mun
  American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®.2013; 28(3): 253.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: It was identified that how many homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers were depressed, and which factors affected the bedridden elderly's depression. METHOD: The subjects were 191 homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers. The affecting factors were classified into two categories: bedridden elderly and their primary caregiver related factors. Then bedridden elderly's factors were classified demographic and disease-related factors again. The stepwise regression was used to identify significant factors. RESULT: The prevalence of bedridden elderly's and caregiver's depression was 77.8% and 67.0%, respectively. And the model explained 33.3% of variance of bedridden elderly's depression. Cognitively-impaired female elderlies who had depressed caregivers were found to be more depressed. And caregivers who perceived burden were identified to be more depressed. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that the health professionals need to identify bedridden elderlies and caregivers at risk of depression. Especially elderlies who is in poor cognition, those who are female, and those whose caregivers were depressed might be considered carefully in all counseling or follow-up. Also the primary caregivers must be helped to access already available formal and informal support.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a Yoga program on decreasing blood pressure in elderly patients with essential hypertension and to suggest a yoga program effective as a nursing intervention tool to reduced blood pressure with increasing life satisfaction. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 24 elderly's essential hypertension, who practiced yoga by three times a week for 8 weeks. In order to evaluate the effect of the yoga program, blood pressure, physiological parameters (Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides) and level of life satisfaction were measured before and after the training. Collected date were analyzed by SPSSWIN program. RESULT: 1) There were significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. 2) There were significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides but no significant increased in HDL. 3) Blood pressure changes were time specific: Both of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced after 2weeks. 4) There was a significant increase in life satisfaction. CONCLUSION: The results proved that a yoga program was an effective nursing intervention to reduce blood pressure and to increased life satisfaction for elderly patients with essential hypertension.

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• Effects of a Yoga Program in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Workers of Small Workplaces: A Pilot Test
  Won Ju Hwang, Jin Ah Kim, Ji Sun Ha
  Sustainability.2020; 12(23): 10038.     CrossRef
• The Effect of Yoga and Pilates Training on Obesity Indexes, muscle mass in each body part and Physical Fitness in Male College Students
  Ji-Sun Kim
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(9): 5888.     CrossRef
• Effects of yoga intervention on sleep and quality-of-life in elderly: A randomized controlled trial
  VR Hariprasad, PT Sivakumar, V Koparde, S Varambally, J Thirthalli, M Varghese, IV Basavaraddi, BN Gangadhar
  Indian Journal of Psychiatry.2013; 55(7): 364.     CrossRef
• Effects of Wear Training for Improving Vascular Compliance on Blood Pressures and Blood Lipid Profiles in Prehypertensive Subjects
  Shin-Jung Yoo, Joon-Hee Park
  Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2012; 21(1): 141.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Hypertension Self-help Program on Hypertension-related Knowledge, Self-efficacy, Self-management Compliance and Physiological Parameters in Workers
  Mi-Young Gi, Young-Hae Park
  Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(1): 1.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among variables of transtheoretical model for exercise in the elderly. METHOD: A hypothetical model explaining the stage of change was constructed based on a transtheoretical model. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected from 246 old adults over 65 years old in a community settings in Seoul, Korea in June and July, 2000. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling(LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which explain causal relationship of variables. RESULT: The fitness of modified model to the data was X2= 96.75(df=49, p=.00005), GFI= .98, NFI=.99, AGFI=.95, NNFI=.99. The the predictable variables of stage of change explained 64% of stage of change for exercise. CONCLUSION: Results are consistent with the studies of application of the transtheoretical model, which has been used to understand how people change health behaviors. The findings of this study give useful informations to construct exercise intervention program for the elderly about relationships among variables influencing to the stage of change of exercise.

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• Effect of Exercise Stage-Matched Intervention for Elderly Women with Chronic Back Pain in the Contemplation and Preparation Stage
  Hyun-Ju Oh, Soon-Rim Suh, Mihan Kim
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2019; 31(4): 414.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Exercise Behavior of the Male Manual Worker and Office Worker based on Health Promotion Model
  SeungKyoung Yang, Yeongmi Ha, Mi-Ra Jung
  Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2015; 24(3): 235.     CrossRef
• Influence of exercise self efficacy and perceived health status according to the stage of change for exercise behaviors in older adults
  Woo-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(11): 549.     CrossRef
• Discriminating Factors of Stages of Change for Exercise among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
  Hyun Ju Hwang, Eun Nam Lee, Eun Jung Choi
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(1): 46.     CrossRef
• Construction of a Physical Activity Model for the Elderly
  Nam-Hee Kim, Hyoung-Sook Park, Myunghan Choi
  Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(1): 27.     CrossRef
• Factors Associated with Stages of Exercise Behavior Change of Residents in a Community
  Kyung-Shin Paek
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(3): 316.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the process & outcome of a Health promotion program(Growing Younger & More Active) for the community resident older adults from March to December, 2001. METHOD: A quasi experimental research(one group pretest-posttest design) was used in this study. The subjects were 82 older adults(but 40 older adults 4 weeks after the program). Program had 5 sessions(10 hours) once a week. Data were collected before the program, immediately after & 4 weeks after the program and were analyzed with paired t-test. RESULT: The levels of Satisfaction, Interest & Understanding of the Program were high. Significant differences were found in health knowledge, health promoting behaviors, perceived health status and life satisfaction between before program and immediately after program as well as between before program and 4 weeks after program, but no significant differences in Health attitude. Self efficacy has significant difference only between before program and immediately after program , but no significant differences between before program and 4 weeks after the program. CONCLUSION: This results suggest that a Health promotion program for the community resident older adults developed this study is effective. So this program can be recommended as an effective nursing intervention for the health promotion of the older adults living in community.

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• The Effects of a Health Management Program on Health-promoting Lifestyle and Depression in Older Adults Living at Home
  Young Rye Park, Yang Gyeong Yoo
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2013; 16(1): 71.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Exercise in the Frail Elderly
  Young-Im Park, Kang-Yi Lee, Tae-Im Kim, Moung-Hee Jeon, Dong-Oak Kim, Ji-Hyun Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(1): 91.     CrossRef
• The Effects of an Aerobic Exercise Program on Mobility, Fall Efficacy, Balance, and Stress in the Elderly at Senior Centers
  Su Kyung Chu, Chung Yul Lee, Jang Hak Yoo
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(1): 22.     CrossRef
• Effects of an Elder Health Promotion Program using the Strategy of Elder Health Leader Training in Senior Citizen Halls
  Mee Ock Gu, Young Eun, Eun Sim Kim, Hwang Ran Ahn, In Soo Kwon, Hyun Sook Oh, Young-Sil Kang, Myun Sook Jung, So Young Choi, Kyung Mi Sung, Hye Yeon Kang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2012; 42(1): 125.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), urologic symptoms, chronic health problems they have, and to explore whether the differences in incidence of UI ware by age, sex, voiding pattern, and chronic health problems.
METHOD
298 subject were selected, age range from 60 to 94 years residing in one city, in republic of Korea. Data was collected presence of UI, urologic symptoms, chronic health problems, knowledge, and the discomfort with incontinent. Collected data was analyzed with frequency, percentage, t-test, and x2-test.
RESULT
The results of this study are as follows: 1. Mean age was 71.4 years. Prevalent rate of UI was 17.0%, woman showed more than man. 2. UI incidence was significant in age (t=7.84, p=.000), sex (x2 =9.47, p=.002), and voiding frequency (x2=18.34, p=.000). Also, UI incidence was significant relationship with chronic health problem of heart disease (x2 =10.65, p=0.001), hypertension (x2=4.04, p= 0.046) and respiratory problem (x2=9.67, p=0.002). 3. The UI was grouped into urgent incontinence (45%), stress incontinence (33%), and combined (22%). UI occurred during the daytime 48% and 17% at night. 4. Only 9.8 % of the UI seek advice and/or treatment for their symptoms, almost 90 % remained untreated due to lack of knowledge or improper information. 5. The discomforts due to their UI was no significant difference in their condition, the urgent use of the rest room, leaking urine, and nocturia.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that 1 year and 3 year follow-up study is needed to compare health status of UI. Also suggests intervention study for urologic discomfort of incontinent and behavioral education for the elderly are needed.

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  Aeyoung So, Jennie C. De Gagne, Sunah Park
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• Prevalence of urinary incontinence in older Korean women
  Aeyoung So, Jennie C De Gagné, Mary H Palmer
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• Study on Bladder Dysfunction in Elderly Women by the BFLUT Questionnaire and Bladder Scanner: Frequency and Residual Urine
  Jeung-Im Kim
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2011; 17(3): 294.     CrossRef
• The Life Stories of Elderly Korean Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Narrative Study Approach
  Bong-Sook Yih, Myungsun Yi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(2): 237.     CrossRef
• Prevalence and Predictors of Geriatric Depression in Community-Dwelling Elderly
  Jeung-Im Kim, Myoung-Ae Choe, Young Ran Chae
  Asian Nursing Research.2009; 3(3): 121.     CrossRef
• Prevalence Rate and Associated Factors of Urinary Incontinence among Nursing Home Residents
  Moon-Sil Kim, Seung-Hee Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(1): 92.     CrossRef
• The Relationship of Quality of Sleep, Depression, Late-Life Function and Disability (LLFDI) in Community-Dwelling Older Women with Urinary Incontinence
  Kyung Rim Shin, Younhee Kang, Jiwon Oak
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(4): 573.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study is to seek the nursing intervention for the elderly people's positive lives by investigating the causes for their loss and its meanings. The method of this research derives from a phenomenological tool as a qualitative research design. The data collection had been performed from February, 2001 until August, 2001 through systematic interviews and participatory observations of six elderly people (4 elderly women and 2 elderly men) residing in downtown Seoul. It took one and a half hour for each interview arranged five times. The analysis of this research is based upon Giorgi method and the research results on the causes for elderly people's sense of loss and its meaning are as follows. 1) bitter disappointment of family members : unfaithful children, husband's infidelity, conflict with daughter-inlaw, economic hardships. 2) bereavement : loss of spouse or children, a sense of one's own mortality. 3) regret for the past : sorrowful things, unfair treatment, a sense of resentment, a sense of futility, a feeling of helplessness, despair, resignation. 4) unpleasant memories of others : hurt of self-esteem, hostile feelings aroused by betrayal or distrust. 5) grief of lost youth : loss of health, hard married life, unlucky fate. 6) sense of another superable life : regret, awareness, maturity through suffering. As a person ages, the number of deaths of close friends and family members usually increases. The occurrence of such multiple losses can cause the elderly to become overwhelmed by the events. Care givers need to be sensitive to these losses and need to be aware that the elderly can experience an overload of grief. Counselling can often be useful in helping them to come to terms with such multiple losses.

The purpose of this study is to provide the directions for the further development of the home care services in Korea, through comparison of the home care system and visiting nursing activities for the elderly in Japan and with those of Korea. The results of this study were summarised as follows: The major difference between the two countries was that Japan emphasised the development of home services by visiting nurse service stations (VNSS), especially in the community. In contrast, Korea has emphasised providing hospital based home care services and assuring the quality of services through the preparation of home care nurses before beginning services. And many elderly in Korea have used a public health center when they have health problems. According to the result, the establishment of a VNSS system and activation of a public health center in the community must be considered as the direction to advance home care systems for the elderly.

PURPOSE: In order to improve self-management of elderly hypertensives in this study, the researcher examined the effect of blood pressure regulation by an abdominal relaxed breathing training which regulates physical response to stress and lessens the activity of the sympathetic nerve.
METHOD
A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design was used. Thirty elderly hypertensive patient ; Sixteen in the abdominal breathing group and fourteen in the control group participated in this study. The abdominal relaxed breathing training consisted of eight sessions twice a week for four weeks. There was no intervention for the control group.
RESULT
1. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time. 2. There was no significant difference in the level of total stress response, physical stress response, behavioral-cognitive stress response between the experimental group and control group over three different times, and interaction by groups and over time.
CONCLUSION
Findings indicate that this study will contribute to develop nursing strategies for the regulation of blood pressure for the elderly, which is easy for the elderly to learn as a nonpharmacologic approach.

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• The Effects of Stabilization Exercise with Abdominal Breath on Balance and Oswestry Disability Index for Low Back Pain Patients
  Ho-Hee Son
  Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2015; 10(1): 107.     CrossRef
• Relaxation Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review
  Seong-Hi Park, Kuem Sun Han, Chang-Bum Kang
  Asian Nursing Research.2014; 8(3): 182.     CrossRef
• The Effects of Hypertension Self-help Program on Hypertension-related Knowledge, Self-efficacy, Self-management Compliance and Physiological Parameters in Workers
  Mi-Young Gi, Young-Hae Park
  Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2012; 21(1): 1.     CrossRef
• Effects of Abdominal Breathing on Anxiety, Blood Pressure, Peripheral Skin Temperature and Saturation Oxygen of Pregnant Women in Preterm Labor
  Soon-Bok Chang, Hee-Sook Kim, Yun-Hee Ko, Choon-Hee Bae, Sung-Eun An
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2009; 15(1): 32.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: This study sought to find a nursing intervention tool for enhancing elderly women's lives by investigating the causes and the meaning of their grief.
METHOD
This research was derived from a phenomenological tool such as qualitative research design. The data collection took place from December of 2000 until April of 2001 Through systematic interviews and participatory observations of five elderly women attending C welfare center located in downtown Seoul the data was collected. Each interview lasted an hour and a half and was arranged five times. The analysis of this research was conducted using the Giorgi method.
RESULTS
(1) There was obvious physical and physiological decline caused by aging old; as well as there being spouse health problems, additional physical suffering, signs of senility, adn insomnia, (2) Further grief was imposed by unpleasant memories of the spouse; infidelity, incapability, and even disregard of her own well-being, (3) Then there was pity for children; unfaithful children, uncertain futures of the children, and early death of a child, (4) Also, regrettable fate, painful daily acttrities, unreliable factors, bad circumstances, and feelings emptiness were reported, (5) Finally, anxiety for the future; ac sense of despair, loneliness, economic hardship, and the fear of imminent death increased grief levels.
CONCLUSION
A variety of programs and social meetings for the elderly to overcome their physiological or psychological crisis should be substantially developed and supported by the government. In order to implement the social welfare for the elderly women, special consideration whether on the governmental level or the personal level, should be devoted to the elderly who live without any financial support or social concern.

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• Incidence and related factors of traffic accidents among the older population in a rapidly aging society
  Kimyong Hong, Kyoung-Mu Lee, Soong-nang Jang
  Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2015; 60(3): 471.     CrossRef
• Grieving among Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Situational Analysis.
  Juhye Jin
  Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(1): 49.     CrossRef
• Ageing Experiences of Nurses with Overseas Employment: Focusing on the Korean Nurses Dispatched to Germany in the 1960s and 1970s
  Hack-Sun Kim, Sun-Woo Hong, Kyung-Sook Choi, Ae-Joo Lee
  Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing.2011; 20(2): 185.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: This study aims at confirming exercise effects on obesity, mobility, self-efficacy, process of change, and decisional component by stage based exercise motivational intervention program for the elderly. The stage based exercise intervention program was constructed based on Transtheoretical Model.
METHODS
The design of this study is nonequivalent control group with repeated measuring by quasi-experimental study. The subjects of this study, composing of experimental group of 32 and control group of 28 were selected at one institution for the aged in Seoul.
RESULTS
1) The body fat (weight, BMI and circumference of waist), of the intervention group was significantly decreased than the control group. 2) The mobility of the intervention group was not significantly increased than control group. 3) The self-efficacy, Pros, Process of Change for exercise of the intervention group was not significantly increased than the control group. 4) The Cons for exercise of intervention group was not significantly decreased than the control group.
CONCLUSION
The above result have informed us that a stage-based exercise motivational intervention program for the elderly has the effect of decreasing old persons' body fat and has value as an effective means of nursing for the elderly.

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  Gui Suck Yang, Young Eun, Gyung Hee Moon, Sun Kyung Lee
  Journal of muscle and joint health.2014; 21(3): 215.     CrossRef
• Effects of a Health Promotion Program on Perception of Health Behavior, Physical Fitness and Body Composition in Child Care Helpers
  Young-Ran Lee, Min Sun Chu, Sun-Nam Park, Hong-In Kim, Hee-Sook Choi
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• Factors Related to Stages of Exercise Behavior Change among University Students Based on the Transtheoretical Model
  Dae-Jung Jeon, Ki-Jong Kim, Myoung Heo
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PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to analyze the functional status of low income elderly living at home according to their socio-economic factors, sensory function, health status, medical service utilization, commodity and types of chronic disease.
METHOD
Functional status was defined by the level of mobility, ADL and IADL categorized as independently functional, mildly impaired, moderately disabled, and severely disabled. The data was collected by home-visit interviews with 567 community dwelling adults who were 65 years of age or more with low a income status subsidized by government in ChonAn.
RESULTS
9.9% of community dwelling older adults were severely disabled, and 44.4% were moderately disabled in their functional status. There were significant differences in the functional status by age, education, religion, and types of family structure. The older adults with hearing impairment or dental problems had a significantly higher rate of severe disability. Self-rated health status and medical service utilization were also significant factors to the differences in functional status. The functional status of older adults was also significantly related to the presence of chronic health problems such as chronic back pain, stroke, and Alzheimer-dementia.
CONCLUSION
The results confirmed that community dwelling older adults with low income status were more functionally disabled in comparison to general older adults at national level, while the relating factors to their functional status seemed similar to other studies on older adults. Further studies were suggested to look into functional status longitudinally and focus on the changes of functional status by managing modifiable influencing factors.

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• Effects of Case Management using Resident Assessment Instrument-Home Care (RAI-HC) in Home Health Services for Older People
  Kyung Ja June, Ji Yun Lee, Jong Lull Yoon
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(3): 366.     CrossRef

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify the ADL and IADL of bed-ridden elderly. Also it is used to show fuctional status, and to investigate the content and the level of nursing services provided. METHOD: The subjects were 191 elderly who received visiting nurse service through public health centers in the Seoul Metopolitan and Chungnam Province. Data collection was conducted by public health center nurses during four months in 2000. Result: As for daily living activities, 100% of subjects had at least one difficulty in ADL and IADL. Among them, only 0.5% had moderate disabilities and 99.5% had severe disabilities by HFS, 27.9% were in a semi bed-ridden state and 72.1% were completely bed-ridden by JABC. The major service provided was a visiting nurse service which was preferable to the social welfare service. In the visiting nurse service, there was no significant difference according to the elderlys' functional status. In addition there was no standadization about the qualification of the visiting nurse, and single entry point for the nursing service. CONCLUSION: The researchers urgently suggest that a community based comprehensive service model has to be developed to respond to the needs of the elderly in Korea.

PURPOSE: To identify age, gender, medication, seasons and place of fall, and areas of the fractures from the fall among the hospitalized elderly patients in order to provide the basic data for future fall prevention program for the elderly.
METHODS
This study was conducted for 106 elderly patients admitted into a university hospital by fractures from the fall during the period from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 1999. Data on the age, gender, medication, season and place of the fall, areas of the fracture were collected based on their medical records.
RESULT
The age range of the subjects were from 60 to 96 years old. The subjects were aged between 60-69 years old 49(46.2%), between 70-79 years old 31(29.2%), between 80-89 years old 24(22.6%), and over 90 years old 2(1.9%). Male patients comprised was 34(28.3%), while female patients comprised 76(71.7%). The fall occurred in Winter most frequently 34(32%). The place of the fall included room 81(76.4%), streets 13(12.3%), bathroom 6(5.7%), stair 4(3.8%), and mountain 2(1.9%). Twenty-two subjects (20.8%) had medication regularly, while 84 subjects (79.2%) had no medication. The areas of the fracture from the fall included upper extremities 20(18.9%) and lower extremities 86(81.1%). Radius fracture (7.5%) was the area where the fracture occurred most frequently in upper extremities and femur fracture (52.8%) was the area where the fracture occurred most frequently in lower extremities. A significant difference was found in the fracture area by age, season and place of the fall (p<.05). No significant difference was found in the fracture area by gender and medication. In all age groups, seasons and places of the fall, occurrence of fracture in lower extremity was significantly higher than that in upper extremity.

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• Development of Motion Platform-Based Exercise Equipment for Rehabilitation Training and Posture Balance
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• Understanding and Prevention of Fall-related Injuries in Older Adults in South Korea: A Systematic Review
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• The effects of milk intake and whole-body vibration exercise on bone mineral density in elderly women in nursing homes
  So Min Lee, Sungchul Kim, Chae-gil Lim
  Journal of Physical Therapy Science.2017; 29(7): 1125.     CrossRef
• Identifying Characteristics of Fall Episodes and Fall-related Risks of Hospitalized Patients
  Young Ok Kang, Rhayun Song
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• Effects of a Randomized Controlled Recurrent Fall Prevention Program on Risk Factors for Falls in Frail Elderly Living at Home in Rural Communities
  JongEun Yim
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• Basic Study on the Development of Impact Protective Pants and Falls of Elderly Women
  Jin Suk Lee, Jung Hyun Park, Jeong Ran Lee
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• Study on the Preference Survey for Developing the Fall Impact Protective Clothing - Targeting Women ages of 50s to 70s -
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• Gait Analysis on the Elderly Women with Foot Scan
  Seong-Suk Kim, Hee-Eun Kim
  Fashion & Textile Research Journal.2013; 15(4): 613.     CrossRef
• Safety Consciousness of the Elderly Living Alone
  Youngsil Kang, Sun Jae Jung
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• Risk Factors for Recurrent Falls Among Community-dwelling Elderly in Rural Areas
  Mi-Yang Jeon, Sun Hee Yang
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2013; 14(12): 6353.     CrossRef
• Comparison of Comprehensive Health Status and Health-related Quality of Life between Institutionalized Older Adults and Community Dwelling Older Adults
  Hye-Jin Hyun, Aekyung Chang, Su Jeong Yu, Yeon-Hwan Park
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• Comparing Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Pain, Activities of Daily Living, and Fear of Falling in Women with Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
  Hyun-Kyoung Oh, Suk-Hee Ahn, Rha-Yun Song
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• Activities of Daily Living, Health Related Quality of Life According to the Experience of Falls among the Aged in Community
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• The Effectiveness of the Exercise Education Programme on Fall Prevention of the Community-dwelling Elderly: A Preliminary Study
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• The Mediating Effect of Depression in the Relationship between Muscle Strength of Extremities and Falls among Community-Dwelling Elderly
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The purpose of this study was to determine the meaning of the pain and experiences of elderly women with osteoarthritis, by adopting Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The participants were 7 elderly women over the age of 65. They were selected using a theoretical sampling technique. The Data was collected by in-depth and open-ended interviews from Dec. 1. 1999. to Feb, 28. 2000. The length of the interviews varied from 120 minutes to 180 minutes. Data was recorded and analyzed by a constant comparative
method
. From the data, significant statements were extracted and then organized into 48 themes, which resulted in 15 clusters of themes and 6 categories. The final descriptions turned out to be valid through the interviewee' validation process. Essential themes of the pain experiences emerged : "physical discomfortness(disturbances)", "negative state of mind", "influence of the death", "positive change in life", "Cause of pain perceived", and "change of their personal relationships". From these results, it was found that elderly women need nursing care based on a deep understanding of pain, and a reflection on their past is imperative to overcome their given situations. In conclusion, it is suggested that the care givers provide more support to solve the problems experienced by the elderly. Thus the researchers expect to provide understanding of older people and give basic data of holistic care for them.

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• Factors related to Life Satisfaction in Young-Old, Old, and Oldest-Old Women
  Kae-Hwa Jo, Hyun Ji Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Reconstructing a Meaning of Pain: Older Korean American Women's Experiences with the Pain of Osteoarthritis
  Geri L. Dickson, Jong Im Kim
  Qualitative Health Research.2003; 13(5): 675.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to verify the use of Seo's Elderly Stress Scale (SESS), which was developed in 1996. Through the modified tool, it is possible to examine the stress of Korean elders and to contribute to the welfare of them. The subjects were 350 elders over 65 years old who live in Seoul, Kwang-Ju, Yang-Ju Gun Kyung-ki Do, Ui-Jong Bu, and Young-Am Kun, Jeun-Ra Nam Do. the data of 331 elders (94%) were analyzed. Data were collected between January and March in 1996 and analyzed using the SPSS Win 8.0. The result are as follows: 1. Items with low correlation with the total items were removed. So 27 items were removed and 37 items remained. This 37 items were death in the family and/or close friends, family member's behavior not meeting expectations, marriage of daughter, marriage of son, friction with daughter- in-law, argument among children, children refuse to live with parent, children leaving home, sex injury or accident, in frequest visits from children and grandchildren, providing care for your daughter or daughter-in-law post-partum, decrease in decision making and authority in home, Lunar new year and the harvest featival, house sitting, working in the house, performing a sacrificial rite, missed birthday, not living with the eldest son, decreased eyesight, decreased strength, decreased memory, sleep pattern changes, thoughts about death, loneliness, decreased hearing, change of dental condition, change in your diet or eating style, difficulty in self care, moving because of disease or aging, argument with friend or neighbour, travel, dealing with the procedure of heritage, loss of money or property, not enough pocket money, hearing on elderly neglect in television or radio, hope of going home and ignorant from others. 2. Overlapped items were discussed by colleagues and were modified. 'marriage of daughter' and 'marriage of son' were modified in 'marriage of children'. 'self injury or accidents' and 'family accidents' were modified in to self or family accidents. 3. Factor analysis was done in order to identify validity and three factors were obtained from the result. The first factor familial relation area, included 17 items. The second factor, physical area, included 9 items. The third factor, psycho-socio-economic area, included 9 items. Cronbach coefficient alpha for the 35 items was .923. 4. Pearson's correlation was .704 between SESS and SOS (Symptoms of Stress) in order to confirm construct validity. Based on the result, the following is suggested; 1. The modified SESS needs to be reverified with elder. 2. Korean elder's health promotion can be made by development of stress intervention which was accurately measured with SESS.

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• The influence of daily stress and resilience on successful ageing
  J. Byun, D. Jung
  International Nursing Review.2016; 63(3): 482.     CrossRef
• A Study on IADL, Stress and Motivation on Healthy Lifestyle among Elderly People with Arthritis
  Jong Gun Kim, Kyeung Hee Moon, Eun Sun Lim, Jang Hak Yoo
  Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2016; 17(3): 209.     CrossRef
• The factors associated with suicidal ideation among the elderly living alone received the elderly care service in a rural area
  Hee-Young Choi, So-Yeon Ryu, Gwang-Il Kwak, Cheol-Won Choi
  Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2014; 39(2): 81.     CrossRef

This research was performed to compare life satisfaction of the elderly in institutions and homes. The scores of life satisfaction were collected from 74 elders in 5 institutions and 71 elders at their homes in Daegu and Gyungbuk province during October 1st to December 1st, 1999. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The elders in institutions revealed lower scores in life satisfaction than the elders at homes, but not statistically significant. 2. In institutions, the general characteristics which affected life satisfaction was health status and monthly income. For elderly at home, the general characteristics which affected life satisfaction scores were educational level and health status. According to the result of this research, the health-care and economic support must be considered as main factors in the nursing strategy for the elders. The results should be considered carefully when applied to the entire older population because it was conducted on a segment of the elderly population in Korea. And various social activities and nursing programs for the aged are required.

Due to great concern about quality of care in nursing home, legislative in the US mandated development of LTC MDS. MDS, a standardized assessment database for nursing home residents, provides comprehensive, holistic assessment data for nurses and make it possible to identify nursing needs of residents. The purpose of this study is to assess the health status of nursing home residents in Missouri, America, and to stimulate international comparative research assessing the health status of the elderly. This study presented the age-specific prevalence of diseases, sex differences, and the relative prevalence of chronic diseases among nursing home residents using the Minimum Data Set in Missouri. In addition, the possibility of racial and regional differences in chronic diseases and its relationship to demographic factors were analyzed. The prevalence of diseases was, in general, higher in female elderly then males and increased with age in both sexes. The average number of diseases in the elderly, among 31 chronic diseases, was 3.43 in women and 3.25 in men. The most prevalent 5 diseases were hypertension (29.1%), congestive heart failure (26.1%), dementia (23.6%), arthritis (20.6%), and diabetes mellitus (17.7%). Sixty-eight percent of nursing home residents had at least one of the heart/circulation related diseases and 58. 4% had neurology related diseases. In conclusion, the usefulness and implication of LTC MDS to nursing can't be overemphasized. Korean nurses should prepare themselves for using it for nursing research and to answer nursing questions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of walk training on leg strength, flexibility, postural stability, balance and gait in home bound elderly women. Eighteen elderly women of the experimental group aged between 70 and 90 years image who have normal vision, hearing and Romberg test. They participated in the 12 week walk training. The subjects of the experimental group practiced walk training 3 times a week for during 12 weeks. During the 40 minute workout, the subjects practiced 5 minutes of warming-up exercises, 30 minutes of conditioning exercises and 10 minutes of a cool-down exercise. The intensity for the conditioning phase was determined by subject' heart rates, which ranged from 60% to 70% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. The body composition, leg strength, flexibility, postural stability, balance and gait were measured prior to and after the experimental treatment. The body fat, lean body mass, leg strength (ankle dorsiflexor, plantarflexor, inversor and eversir, knee flexor, extensior), flexibility (range of motion of ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion and eversion), and postural stability of the experimental group were significantly greater than those of the control group. Duration of standing on the right foot and that of standing on the left foot of the experimental group was greater than that of the control group. Total balance scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Among 13 items for balance, the scores of experimental group in balance with eyes closes, turning balance, sternal nudge, neck turning, one leg standing balance and back extension were higher than those of the control group. Total scores of gait of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group following the walking training. Scores of experimental group in step height, step length and walk stance while walking among 9 items for gait were significantly higher than those of the control group. The results suggest that walk training can improve physical fitness for prevention in home bound elderly women.

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• Characteristics and Effects of Fall Prevention Interventions among the Korean Older Adults: A Systematic Review
  Jeong Ha Park, Hee Ju Kim
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• The Impact of Lower Extremity Strengthening Exercise with Step Box and Elastic Band on Balance Ability and Lower Extremity Muscular Strength in Community-living Elderly Individuals
  Du-suop Kim, Im-soon Choi, Suhn-yeop Kim
  Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine.2016; 11(1): 11.     CrossRef
• Strategies on fall prevention for older people living in the community: A report from a round-table meeting in IAGG 2013
  Eun Joo Kim, Hidenori Arai, Piu Chan, Liang-Kung Chen, Keith D. Hill, Bernard Kong, Philip Poi, Maw Pin Tan, Hyung Joon Yoo, Chang Won Won
  Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics.2015; 6(2): 39.     CrossRef
• Effects of Community-based Comprehensive Fall Prevention Program on Muscle Strength, Postural Balance and Fall Efficacy in Elderly People
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• The Comparison of Gait Analysis in Elderly Patients Before and After Total Knee Arthroplasty
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  Chang-Hong Youm, Joong-Sook Lee, Kook-Eun Seo
  Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics.2011; 21(2): 123.     CrossRef
• The Effects of a Fall Prevention Program on the Low-Income Elderly at Risk of Falls
  Il Seon Hyeon, Myonghwa Park, Kyong Min Park, Chung Nam Kim
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(2): 200.     CrossRef
• The Association of Balance Confidence with Physical Performance and Strength in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons
  Won‐Beom Park, Jae‐Young Lim
  Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2009; 13(4): 222.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to suggest directions for developing a Health Promotion Program for the elderly in Korea for the future. For this, twenty previously developed & implemented health promotion programs were reviewed and analyzed in terms of target population of the program, components of the program, measurement variables for effects of program, the effects of the program. The results were as follows. 1. Most of the target populations were older adults living independently in the community. 2. Components of the program were health education, health assessment and counseling and exercise program. - Health education was done in most of programs. The topics of health education that were often included in the programs were life style changes, medical knowledge, independent living, the concept of health promotion and changes related to aging. - In health assessment and counseling, health professionals discovered their health problems through health assessment or health risk appraisal. Then they developed health recommendations on each health problem and encouraged the elderly to implement the recommendations. 3. Variables measuring the direct effects of the program were health behavior, knowledge, attitude, skill, use of medical/health reference book. Variables measuring the indirect effects, biometric outcome, health status, functional status, medical service utilization, medical cost and wellbeing. 4. The analysis showed that health education was effective for changing health behaviors, improving knowledge, skill and attitude in the elderly. Those results were suggested to be used as guidelines for developing a health promotion program for the elderly in Korea for the future.

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• Effects of a Health Promotion Program on Healthy Aging Preparation for Late Middle Aged Women
  Hee-Jung Choi, Soon-Rim Suh
  Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(5): 594.     CrossRef
• The Effectiveness of Health Promotion Program for the Elderly
  Mee Young Im, Young-Hee Mun
  Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing.2013; 27(2): 384.     CrossRef
• Effects of a health-promotion program on cardiovascular risk factors, health behaviors, and life satisfaction in institutionalized elderly women
  Chun-Gill Kim, Kyung-Ja June, Rhayun Song
  International Journal of Nursing Studies.2003; 40(4): 375.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing health perception in the elderly, to provide the basic data for health behavior program and nursing intervention. The subjects of this study were 240 elderly person over the age 60, living in Seoul and Kangnung. They were conveniently sampled for this study and the data was collected from June 1999 to September 1999. The instruments for this study were the Health Perception Questionaire developed by Ware(1979), the OARS Functional Assessment Questionaire (Duke University 1978), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control by Wallston, Wallston, and De Vills(1978). The data were analyzed by using SPSS Win computer Program. The results are as follows; 1. The total mean score of the health perception was 52.02(S.D=+/-7.07) in a range of 33 to 69, and the mean score of the functional status was 27.02 (SD=+/-2.75) in a range of zero to 28 and the mean score of the health locus of control was 65.66(S.D=+/-8.68) in a range of 43 to 90. And The mean scores on the HLOC subscales were HLOC-I: 23.73+/-4.56 (range: 6-30), HLOC-P: 23.07+/-4.74 (range: 6-30), HLOC-C: 18.55+/-4.03 (range: 11-30). 2. There was a significant positive correlation between health perception and functional status(r=.216, p=.001), and health perception and the health locus of control(HLOC) were not correlated at the level of statistical significance. However, the HLOC-I and health perception were correlated positively(r=.328, p=.000), and the HLOC-P were correlated negatively (r=-.129, p=.046). 3. There was a significant difference statistically in the degree of health perception according to the age(F=3.351, p=.002), spouse(t=2.232, p=.021), education level(F=7.373, p=.001), disease(t=3.639, p=.000), group activity (t=2.458, p=.015). drink(t=2.327, p=.021). 4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of health perception was internal health locus of control. A combination of HOLC-I, functional status, HLOC-P, group activity explained 17.9% of the variance for health perception in the elderly. In conclusion, the results of this study show that internal health locus of control factor is very important in explaining the health perception for the elderly. Therefore, it will be considered internal health locus of control factor in nursing intervention and program in order to enforce the health behavior for elderly people.

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  Hye-Jin Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 37.     CrossRef
• The relationship between Intake of Health Foods and Dietary Behavior in Middle-Aged Women
  Mi-Hee Kim, Hye-Jin Lee, Mi-Jeong Kim, Kyung-Hea Lee
  Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 436.     CrossRef

Every year the number of the elderly increases in Korea thanks to the improvement of social and economical levels and the development of medicine. However, many problems such as insufficent care and the isolation of the elderly have been commonplace. This trend exists not only because of increased lifespan but also the changing social structure of the nuclear family. Accordingly, inspite of the development of medicine, geriatric diseases including circulatory diseases are increasing in proportion of elderly population, as well as the severity. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that health care programs provide the best possible health care and functional capacities in terms of healthy elderly lifestyles. Especially, the phenomena of aging and geriatric diseases taking place with the elderly naturally are affected by lifestyle and the drastic changes in exercise patterns. This study aims to improve geriatric health by introducing a rhythmic movement program for the elderly to estabilish a health-promoting self-care system and by developing quality of life, perceived health status, their physical and physiological functions and emotional state. The theoretical framework used in this dissertation is derived from the Health-Promoting Self-Care System Model (Simmons, 1990), which integrates the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem, 1985), the interaction model of Client Health Behavior (Cox, 1982) and the Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1987). As a quasi-experimental design, the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design is utilized for this study. The subjects of this study consist of 64 people, over 65 years old who live in 2 nursing homes for the aged located in S city , Kyong-gi province and volunteered for this study from July, 12, 1999 to September, 17, 1999. They are divided into two groups: 33 in the experimental group and 31 in the control group. The experimental group particpated in the Rhythmic Movement Program at the nursing home, which was comprised of 45 minutes a session, 5 sessions a week during 9 weeks. In order to measure the results of the Rhythmic Movement Program, aspects of perceived health status, balance, flexibility, grip strength, leg strength, heart rate, blood pressure, depression, anxiety and the quality of life were measured before and after participating in the Rhythimic Movement Program for the experimental group after 9 weeks, as well as the control group. The collected data were processed by SPSS PC+ and analyzed by the X2 test, t-test, ANCOVA and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The perceived health status conditions in the experimental group show statistically significant improvement when compared to the control group (F=17.51, p=.000). 2. The physical and physiological functions, that is, balance (F=17.51, p=.000), flexibility (F=8.01, p=.006), grip strength (F=3.21, p=.018) and leg strength (F=25.78, p=.000) in the experimental group are higher than the control group. The vital signs, that is, the number of heart rate (F=.022, p=.884), systolic pressure (F=1.73 p=.193), and diastolic pressure (F=2.74, p=.103) in the experimental group compared to the control group decreased, but doesn't show statistically significant differences. Immune responses (F=5.13, p=.003) showed statistically significant increases in the experimental group when compared to the control group. 3. The emotional state are improved, that is, degree of depression (F=11.56, p=.001) and degree of anxiety (F=9.14, p=.004) in the experimental group showed statistically significant decreases. 4. The quality of life in the experimental group (F=3.03, p=.037) showed statistically significant differences compared to the control group. 5. The observations of the relationships among the perceived health status, emotional state , the quality of life, the relationships between the perceived health status, the degree of depression (r=-.653, p=.000) and the degree of anxiety (r=-.786, p=.000) were in contrary propotions, while the relationships between the perceived health status and the quality of life (r=.234, p=.008) were in direct propotion. In conclusion, the Rhythmic Movement Program used in this study for geriatric nursing care is simple and safe for application to the elderly and shows significant effects by implementing 5 sessions a week for 9 weeks. The Rhythmic Movement Program improves the quality of life, maintains as well as improves the physical and physiological fuctions and emotional state, therefore this program is strongly recommended for positive applications for independant geriatric nursing health care.

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  Young Rye Park, Yang Gyeong Yoo
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• The Effects of an Aerobic Exercise Program on Mobility, Fall Efficacy, Balance, and Stress in the Elderly at Senior Centers
  Su Kyung Chu, Chung Yul Lee, Jang Hak Yoo
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• Relations among Depression, Life Satisfaction and Health Promoting Behavior in the Elderly
  Ji-Hye Seo, Hyun-Sook Ryu
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  Patricia T Alpert, Sally K Miller, Harvey Wallmann, Richard Havey, Chad Cross, Theresa Chevalia, Carrie B Gillis, Keshavan Kodandapari
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  Rhayun Song, Kyung Ja June, Chun Gill Kim, Mi Yang Jeon
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Korean traditional dance movement training on balance, gait and leg strength in elderly women who are forced to remain at home. Fifteen elderly women of an experimental group between the ages 65 and 75 years who have normal vision and passed the hearing and Romberg test, participated in the 12 weeks' dance movement training. Fourteen subjects of a control group were selected. Korean traditional dance movement training was developed on the basis of Korean traditional dance and music by the authors. It took approximately 50 minutes to perform the dance movement program. The subjects of the experimental group practiced dance training for 3 times a week during 12 weeks. During the 50 minutes workout, the subjects practiced 15 minutes of a warm-up dance, 25 minutes of a conditioning dance, and 10 minutes of a cool-down dance. The intensity for the conditioning phase was between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. The balance, gait and leg strength were measured prior to and after the experimental treatment. Total balance scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Scores of sternal nudge, one leg standing balance and reaching up among 13 items have significantly increased after the dance movement training. Total scores of gait of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group following the korean traditional dance movement training. Scores of experimental group in step height, path deviation and turning while walking among 9 items have increased significantly following 12 weeks of dance movement training. The leg strength of experimental group was significantly higher than those of the control group following the Korean traditional dance movement training. The balance, gait and leg strength have significantly correlated in the experimental group following the Korean traditional dance movement training. The results suggest that Korean traditional dance movement training can improve balance, gait and leg strength in home bound elderly women.

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• Postural Stability of Older Female Scottish Country Dancers in Comparison With Physically Active Controls
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The purpose of this study was to examine the health status of the daughter and daughter- in-law caregivers who care for a cognitively and/or functionally impaired elderly, individual to identify factors that were related to reported health outcomes, and to investigate the negative and positive impacts of family caregiving. Data was collected from 120 daughter and daughter-in-law caregivers and care-recipients using face to face interviews. Most caregivers were daughters- in-law (77.5%) and most care-recipients were female (88.3%). Sixty-eight percent (n=81) of caregivers reported depressive symptomatology. General health also deteriorated by caregiving. Caregivers reported several negative impacts (difficulties): care-recipients' problematic behaviors, deterioration of their own health, pressure from social norms related to family caregiving in Korea, intrafamily conflict, and economic problems. Contrary to the popular belief, caregivers reported diverse positive impacts of family caregiving (68.3%): a sense of filial responsibilities, recognition from elderly, family members, relatives, and society, education for the children, and familial harmony. Higher depression score was predicted by lower family income, the presence of cognitive impairment of care-recipients, and higher level of social conflict of caregivers. Poor general health of caregivers was predicted by older caregivers' age, lower competing roles of caregivers, and poor emotional health. While not seeking to deny the negative aspects of family caregiving, it is also necessary to understand positive aspects of family caregiving to see complete picture of caring for an elderly family member.

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  Rossio Motta-Ochoa, Paola Bresba, Jason Da Silva Castanheira, Chelsey Lai Kwan, Shaindl Shaffer, Omega Julien, Meghan William, Stefanie Blain-Moraes
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• Factors Associated with Family Caregiver Burden for Patients with Dementia: A Literature Review
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• Cultural Influence Affecting the Relationship Between Caregivers' Strain Patterns and Well-being Among Korean Caregivers
  HYEJI CHOI, SONG-IEE HONG
  Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development.2011; 21(2): 5.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to estimate the forecast of bed demand for institutional long-term care for the elderly persons in Taegu Metropolitan City. The study subject was the total 1,877 elderly persons over age 65 living in Taegu. Among them 1,441 elderly persons were sampled from community and 436 were from the elderly admitted 5 general hospitals. Data collection was carried out by interview from 25 August to 25 December 1997. The measuring instrument of this study was the modified tool of CARE, MAI, PCTC, and ADL which were examined for validity and reliability. In order to forecast bed demand of Nursing Home, this study revised prediction techniques suggested by Robin. The results were as follows : 1. OLDi of Taegu City were 122,202 by the year 1998 and number of Low-Income Elderly Persons were 3,210. 2. The Level I : Senior Citizen Home AQi * ASTAYi ADEMi = --------------- 365 * AOCUi . AQi = OLDi * LADLi * NASi * ALONi * LIADLi * AUTILi Predicted number of bed demand for Home Based Elderly Persons were 4,210 and Low-Income Elderly Persons were 1,081 and Total Elderly Persons were 5,291 by the year 1998, 6,343 by the year 2000 and 8,351 by the 2005. 3. The Level II : Nursing Home (BQ1i+BQ2i) * BSTAYi BDEMi = ----------------------- 365 * BOCUi . BQ1i = OLDi * HADLi * ALONi * HIADLi BQ2i = OLDi * HADLi * FAMi * OBEDi Predicted number of demand for Total Elderly Persons were 668 by the year 1998, 802 by the year 2000 and 1,055 by the 2005. 4. The Level III : Nursing Home COLDi * HDISi * CUTILi * CSTAYi CDEMi = ------------------------------------ + CQi/10 365 * COCUi Predicted number of demand for Total Elderly Persons were 1,899 by the year 1998, 2,311 by the year 2000 and 3,003 by the 2005. 5. Predicted number of bed demand of long-term care facilities in the year 1998 according to Levels were 4.3% among elderly persons in Taegu by Level I, 0.5% by Level II and 1.5% by Level III. Number of elderly persons in current long-term care facilities were 458 in LevelI I,284 in Level II. 6. Deficit number of bed demand of long-term care facilities were 4,833 in Level I, 384 in Level II , 1,899 in Level III for the elderly persons in Taegu Metropolitan City.

This study was carried out to assess home health care needs for welfare of solitude elderly person. The subjects of this study were 90 welfare solitude elderly person in Pusan City. Data were obtained by interview and observation using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA with SAS program. The results are as follows. 1. Among the home care nursing needs, environmental nursing needs topped the list, followed by spiritual, physical, psychological, communication & health knowledge and ADL nursing needs. 2. Home care nursing needs showed a significant differences by the general characteristic of the respondents. -In the age, there were significant differences in physical and communication & health knowledge nursing needs. -In the religion, there were significant differences in spiritual nursing needs. -In the marital status, there were significant differences in environmental nursing needs. -In the nursing provider, there were singificant differences in ADL, environmental and communication & health knowledge nursing needs. -In the medical benefit, there were significant differences in ADL, environmental, physical and communication & health knowledge nursing needs. -In the disease, there were significant differences in ADL nursing needs. -In the household maintenance, there were significant differences in environmental nursing needs.

The purpose of this study was to identify causal relationships among variables of transtheoretical model for exercise in the elderly. A predictivel model explaining the stage of change was constructed based on a transtheoretical model. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected from 198 old adults over 60 years old in a community setting in Seoul, Korea in April and May,1999. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling (LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which predicts causal relationship of variables. The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was X2=132.85. (df=22, p=.000). GFI=.88, NNFI=.35, NFI=.77, AGFI=.59 which was not favorable but the fit of modified model to the data was X2=46.90. (df=27, p=.01).GFI= .95, NNFI=.91, NFI=.92, AGFI=.87) which was more than moderate. The predictable variables of stage of change for exercise of the Korean elderly were helping relationship, self cognitive determination, conversion of negative condition in process of change and efficacy for exercise . These variables explained 68% of stage of change for exercise of the Korean elderly.

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• Factors Associated with Stages of Exercise Behavior Change of Residents in a Community
  Kyung-Shin Paek
  Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2012; 23(3): 316.     CrossRef
• Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy in the Transtheoretical Model Among Adolescent Male Smokers in Korea
  Ok Kyung Ham, Jae Bok Yoo
  Asian Nursing Research.2009; 3(1): 15.     CrossRef
• Korean adolescents' exercise behavior and its relationship with psychological variables based on stages of change model
  Y KIM
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• Korean adolescents' exercise behavior and its relationship with psychological variables based on stages of change model
  Young-ho Kim
  Journal of Adolescent Health.2004; 34(6): 523.     CrossRef

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the factors that change exercise behave. This study will also classify and identify the characteristics of excercise stages to which the elderly belong Also, to identify the processes of change which influence on the changes in exercise performed by the elderly.
Methods
Convenient samples of 198 subjects over the age 60 in Seoul Korea(mean age=70) were selected from elderly communities and were all mentally conpetant older adults. The data were collected from April 1,1999 to May 30, 1999. The research instruments were measured the change in exercise (Marcus et al., 1992b), such as Stage of Change measure(Marcus et al,1992a). The data were analyzed by SAS Program.
Results
1. According to the measure of change without missing data, 191 subjects were distributed each stage of change for exercise: 50 subjects (26.1%), 7 subjects (3.6%), 52 subjects (27.2%), 4 subjects (2%), and 78 (40.8%) belonged to the precontemplation stage, the contemplation stage, the preparation stage, the action stage and the maintenace stage. 2. According to the factor analysis, 6 factors of change were identified as appropriate processes of change and were named by the researchers. The names were; 'Supportive helping relationship', 'Self cognitive determination', 'Environmental reinforcement', Consciousness raising', Reinforcement of negative condition and 'Conversion of negative condition'. 3. According to the stage of change, there were significant mean differences in the 'Supportive helping relationship(F=22.04, p=.0001)', 'Self cognitive determination (F=50.87, p=.0001)', 'Reinforcement of negative condition(F=7.84,p=.0006)'. 4. Through the discriminant analysis, it was found that Self cognitive determination is the most influential variable as one of the processes of change which can discrimiate the three stages of change (precontemplation, preparation, and maintenance). Also the next significant variable was Reinforcement of negative condition.
Conclusion
The process of the dey change is one of concepts of The transtheoretical model known as strategies and the techniques people use as they go through the different stages of change. Even though this study is cross- sectional not longitudinal study, the finding of this study gives useful information for exercise intervention, by using this strategy of exercise for elderly in different stages of change in exercise.

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• Influence of exercise self efficacy and perceived health status according to the stage of change for exercise behaviors in older adults
  Woo-Cheol Kim
  Journal of Digital Convergence.2015; 13(11): 549.     CrossRef

This study was attempted to explore meaning in life and it's relationship to problematic life events, health status and depression among older people. 198samples of elderly were over the age 60 (mean age=70.06) conveniently selected in Seoul, Korea. The data were collected through questionaires by interview with subjects from April, 1, 1999 to May 30, 1999. The research instuments were the main framework in the experiment. They involved meaning fulfillment and problematic life events which were developed by Burbank (1988) and short form geriatric depression scale(Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986). The data were analysed by SAS Program. The results are followed; 1. 172 lists were given out and had objects that would bring meaning to one's life. They were categrized as wishing for offsprings' prosperity, their relation with their grand-children, marriage of their offspring, health of family members, strong family ties, caring for the family, relation with husband, health for self, religious activity, helping others, individual hobbies, needs for growth such as writing, In the end, 50% of total list dealt with in the relationship with their family members. 2. The mean fulfillment of the subjects was 38.31(SD=13.58) with a range of 12-60. The degree fulfillment varied according to the subjects' characteristics such as age group(F=4.44, 0P=.0008), education status (F=6.44, P=.0001), economic status (F=10.27, P=.0001), marrital status (F=9.12, P=.0002) and religious background (F=3.68, P=.006). 3. According to the pearson correlation, analysis significant variables were found between meaning fulfillment and health(r=.47,P=.0001), depression and the number of problematic life events for a life time (r=.147, P=.04), the stress score of problamatic life events for the past one year and the stress score of problematic life events for a life time was r=.43, P=.002, meaning fulfillment and the stress score of problamatic life events r=-.26, P=.04, depression and meaning fulfillment r=-.70, P=.0001 and depression and health r=-.521, P=.0001. 4. According to multiful regression analysis, depression was found as a most predictable variable for health(F=12.51, P=.001).

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The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the powerlessness and to measure the powerlessness of elderly. From the result of pre-test, twenty seven items were finally selected to survey the elderly's powerlessness. The questionnaires on the elderly's powerlessness were drafted so that such tool may be evaluated in accordance with the four point Likert Scale. The number of subjects is 1,150 with ages of 60 years or more and who live in a large city, a small and middle-sized city and a rural area. The subjects of the test and retest were 85 elderlies. Collected data were analyzed by utilizing SAS program with Cronbach's alpa and Pearson's correlation, factor analysis method and known group techniques, descriptive statics, t-test and ANOVA. The results from this study were summarized below: 1. When the factor analysis method was applied for validity, the tool for powerlessness of elderly was separated into 5 factors: loss of self-confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life; expulsion by others from meaningful human relate; perception that life is meaningless and time passes quickly; falling behind young people; being rejected by other people, having no influence on others. An application of the known group technique showed a significant difference with the result of the degree of elderly's powerlessness tools developed by the two groups, with illness and without. 2. In testing reliability, it was found that coefficient of test-retest was .9435(P<.0001) when the test-retest method was used as a test of stability, and that the alpha coefficient of internal consistency was .9141 over all items within the tool of elderly's powerlessness. 3. In powerlessness of elderly, total mean is 2.8493. And in factor of powerlessness, the highest factor is falling behind young people (M=3.1713), the lowest factor is loss of self- confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life(M=2.6080). 4. The results from the test for the degree of powerlessness, according to the subject's demographic variables, showed that there were significant differences between age, sex, marital status, educational level, religion, possession of house, job, monthly pocket money, health status, illness and a place of residence.

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• Powerlessness, Family Support and Health Promoting Behavior in Elders Using Home Service under Korean Long-term Care Insurance
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This study was done to explore the effects of dance therapy on pulmonary and cognitive functions in the elderly. The design of this study was a non-equivalent pre-post test experiment. The subjects consisted of elderly persons living in a facility located in Kyoungi-Do. Fifty eight subjects had normal cognition, sensory function and resting blood pressure. They underwent tests of pulmonary and cognitive function as baseline data before dance therapy, and at 6th week and at the end of 12nd week after following dance therapy. Twenty seven elderly persons were assigned to the experimental group and participated with the dance therapy. This therapy was based on the Marian Chace's dance therapy and Korean traditional dance with music. The dance therapy consisted of 50 minutes session, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. One session consisted of warming-up, expression, catharsis, sharing and closing stage. the intensity of the dance therapy was at the 40% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. Data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, unpaired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni multiple regression using SAS program. The results were as follows: 1. Pulmonary function(forced expiratory volumn at one second and forced vital capacity) of the experimental subjects significantly increased over time more than that of the control subjects. 2. The experimental group had significantly higher score for pulmonary function than the control group at the 12nd week after dance therapy. 3. Cognitive function of the experimental subjects significantly increased over time more than that of the control subjects. 4. The experimental group had significantly higher score for cognitive function than the control group at the 6th week and 12nd week after dance therapy. The findings showed the dance therapy could be effective in improving the pulmonary and cognitive function of the elderly.

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• The Effect of High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on the Pulmonary Function among Inactive Male Individuals
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Although healthy lifestyle have been proved as an effective way of improving higher well-beings for individuals, researches on health -promoting behaviors of minority elderly with a specific ethnic heritage have been sparsely tried. This study was designed to explore health-promoting lifestyle patterns of Korean immigrant elderly living in Seattle. USA and its relationships with two associated elderly were recruited from two senior centers and interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from October 1998 to January 1999, and analyzed using SPSS program through which t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficients were tested. As the results, the mean HPLP score of the Korean immigrant elderly was 2.54 (SD =.36), showing significant differences by education (F=3.61, P=.016), economic status (F=3.01, P=.034), and current health status (F=3.69, P=.008). In self-esteem, two socioecomic variables showed statistical association with self-esteem; martial status (t= 2.47, P=.015) and living situation (F= 4.03, P= .021). The HPLP subscales that showed higher mean scores were nutrition (M=3.01, SD= .52) and interpersonal support (M= 2.65, SD= .47) while lower mean scores were detected in the domain of excercise (M= 1.92, SD= .74) and stress management (M= 2.26, SD= .47). Perceived health status revealed significant positive correlation with health-promoting lifestyle patterns (r= .19, P=.043) and self-esteem (r= .19, P= .043) and self-esteem (r= .32, P= .001) in the present study. It is concluded that engagement in health-promoting lifestyle patterns should be actively encouraged to enhance personal health of Korean immigrant elderly. Developing health promotion programs focused on exercise and stress management is also imperatively suggested not only for better health practices of Korean immigrant elderly population but also for enhancing their level of well-beings and life satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the burdent on families who live with an elderly person suffering from senile dementia, and the degree of their depression. There were 400 participants in this study, staying in the Seoul and Kyonggi areas from August, 1, 1997 to February 28, 1998. Among the group, 100 participants took care of their patients at home, and another 300 participants left 100 patients at a day-care center, 100 sanatorium for senile dementia(asylum for helpless elderly people), 100 an infirmary for elderly people. Eventually 242 subjects out of the 400 were selected for the data analysis. The Zarit(1980) tool was employed to measure the degree of burden and Zung's(1965) "Self-Rating Depression Scale" was employed for the data analysis. The data was analyzed, and the percentage, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient were calculated. The results are as follows. 1. The average degree of burden that care-giving families felt was 49.13, which is somewhat high. 2. The average degree of depression that-giving families felt was 51.95, which is relatively high. 3. The degree of burden was directly affected by the relation with the patient(F=2.48, P<.05), and the socio-economic status of the family(F=5.17, P<.05). It's also affected by the patient's educational status(F=2.17, P<.05). 4. The degree of depression of the family was significantly dependent on sex(t=-2.05, P<.05), age(F=2.99, P<.05), the relationship with the patient(F=3.65, P<.01), socio-economic status(F=7.74, P<.001), occupation(t=2.82, P<.01), health status(F=4.42, P<.01), and the place of residence(F=4.30, P<.01). The patient characteristics was significantly dependent on his/her educational status(F=3.85, P<.01), the period of suffering from senile dementia(F=2.47, P<.05), and smoking habit(F=6.17, P<.001). 5. The relationship between the degree of burden and that of depression reads r=0.43, which is statistically positive correlation in the high significant level. Upon analyzing the entire summation, most care-giver for elderly patients suffering from senile dementia lack time in caring for themselves. They also experience chronic fatigue and mental discomfort caused by the isolation from society, curtailment of certain activities, a sense of responsibility of certain activities, a sense of responsibility for their patients, and limits of their endurance in taking care of their patients over time. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the necessity for the following propositions : 1. In order to measure the degree of burden that Korean care-giving families undergo, a new tool must be developed on the basis of Korean culture. 2. An educational program based on the demands that care-giving families undergo must e developed, and its clinical effect also has to be examined.

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  Young Whee Lee, In Sook Cho, Hwa Soon Kim
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2009; 15(3): 196.     CrossRef
• Family Caregiver Burden by Relationship to Care Recipient with Dementia in Korea
  Gwi-Ryung Son Hong, Hyojeong Kim
  Geriatric Nursing.2008; 29(4): 267.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Burden of Family Caregivers of Community-Dwelling Ambulatory Elders with Dementia in Korea
  Young Mi Lim, Gwi-Ryung Son, Jun-Ah Song, Elizabeth Beattie
  Archives of Psychiatric Nursing.2008; 22(4): 226.     CrossRef
• A thematic analysis of Korean family caregivers' experiences in making the decision to place a family member with dementia in a long‐term care facility
  Myonghwa Park, Howard Karl Butcher, Meridean L. Maas
  Research in Nursing & Health.2004; 27(5): 345.     CrossRef

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among health promoting behaviors, Health Locus of Control(HLOC), and response patterns to Hloc in Korean elderly. The sample was composed of 162 healthy elderly ranging in age from sixties to eighties. The instruments foe this study were modified Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (45 items, 4 scales), and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (18 items). For the in data analysis, SPSS PC+program was utilized for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, t-test, ANOVA, and Stepwise multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The total mean score for the HPLP was 2.411(range 1-4), and the mean scores on the subscales were 3.324 for nutition, 2.709 for interpersonal support, 2.495 for exercise, 2.225 for health responsibility, 2.205 for exercise, 2.225 for health responsibility, 2.205 for self actualization, 2.026 for stress management. 2. The mean scores patterns of the HLOC identified eight types, pure internal, pure powerful others, pure chance, double external, believers in control, yea sayer, nay sayer and complex control, the "believers in control"was the largest group(22.8%), and "yea sayer" was the next largest group(17.9%). The "nay ayer"(5%) was the smallest group. 3. Demographic variables, such as education, economic status, religion and the perception of the health status showed strong connections to health promoting behaviors. 4. Demographic variables, such as education, economic status, religion and the perception of the health status showed strong connections to health promoting behaviors. 5. The HLOC-I and health promoting behavior were correlated positively(r=.165, P=.017), but the HLOC-P, the HLOC-C and the health promoting behavior were not correlated at the level of statistical significance. 6. There was not significant difference in health promoting behavior depending on the response patterns of the HLOC(F=1.171, P=.108). But, There were significant differences in two subscales of health promoting behavior : exercise(F=3.279, P=.002), and stress management (F=3.165, P=.003). 7. Education, the perception of the health and economic status explained 21.0% of the variance for health promoting behaviors. These results suggest that several demographic factors are important factors in predicting the level of health promoting behaviors in elderly. So to enhance the health promoting behaviors, nurses should use the different nursing strategies depending on the demographic characters of the elderly.

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• Development of the Competency Model for Prevention of Adolescent Risk Behavior
  Hyun Sook Park, Sun Young Jung
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2011; 41(2): 204.     CrossRef
• Health Locus of Control, Exercise Self-efficacy, and Exercise Benefits/Barriers of Female College Students
  Ju Young Ha
  Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2010; 16(2): 116.     CrossRef
• Factors Affecting Health-Promoting Behaviors of Community-Dwelling Korean Older Women
  Young Mi Lim, Mi Hae Sung, Kyung Sook Joo
  Journal of Gerontological Nursing.2010; 36(10): 42.     CrossRef
• Barriers to Health Behaviors in Male and Female Elderly People in Korea
  Young Eun, Mee Soon Song, Mee Ock Gu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(2): 332.     CrossRef

This study was performed to explore the effects of a dance therapy on physical and psychological characteristics in the elderly. The design of this study was a non-equivalent pre-post test experiment. The subjects consisted of elderly persons living in a facility located in Suweon and Bucheon. Fifty eight subjects, aged between 65 and 93 years who had normal cognition, sensory function, balance, and resting blood pressure. They underwent tests of balance, flexibility, muscle strength, depression, and anxiety as baseline data before dance therapy, and at 6 th week and at the end of the 12nd week after following dance therapy. Twenty seven elderly persons were assigned to the experimental group and participated with the dance therapy between April and July, 1998. The dance therapy was developed by the author with the help of a dance therapist and a physiatrist. This therapy was based on the Marian Chace's dance therapy and Korean traditional dance with music. The dance therapy was developed by the author with the help of a dance therapist and a physiatrist. This therapy was based on the Marian Chace's dance therapy and Korean traditional dance with music. The dance therapy consists of 50 minutes session, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. One session was consisted of warming-up, expression, catharsis, sharing, and closing stage. The intensity of the dance therapy was at the 40% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. Data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, Chi-square test, unpaired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni multiple regression using SAS program. 1. The results related to the physical characteristics were as follows : 1) The balance (standing on one leg, walking on the balancing bar), flexibility and muscle strength (knee extensor, knee flexor, ankle plantarflexor and dorsiflexor) of the experimental subjects significantly increased over time more than that of the control subjects. 2) The experimental group had significantly higher score for balance, flexibility, muscle strength of knee extensor, and knee flexor than the control group at the 12nd week after dance therapy. 3) The experimental group had significantly higher score for muscle strength of ankle dorsiflexor and plantarflexor than the control group at the 6th week and the 12nd week after dance therapy. 2. The results related to psychological characteristics were as follows : 1) Scores of Geriatric Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Zung's Self-rating Anxiety Scale of the experimental group were significantly decreased over time more than that of the control group. 2) The experimental group had significantly lower score for depression than the control group at the 12nd week after dance therapy. 3) The experimental group had significantly lower score for anxiety than the control group at eh 6th week and the 12nd week after dance therapy. The findings showed that the dance therapy could be effective in improving the balances, flexibility, and muscle strength of lower limb, and effective in decreasing the depression and anxiety of the elderly. Additional merits of the dance therapy would be inexpensiveness, easy accessibility, and increasing interpersonal relationship. It can be suggested that the dance therapy is effective in the health promotion of the elderly.

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• The Effects of a Health Management Program on Health-promoting Lifestyle and Depression in Older Adults Living at Home
  Young Rye Park, Yang Gyeong Yoo
  The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2013; 16(1): 71.     CrossRef

This study was designed to construct a model that predicts the health promoting behavior of the Korean elderly. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 254 Korean elderly in seoul, from June 1 to July 15, 1998. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using pc-SAS program. The Linear Structural Modeling(LISREL) 8.0 program was used to find the best fit model which predicts causal relationships of variables. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate[X2=249.83(df=83, p=.00), RMR=.07, GFI=.90, NNFI=.92, NFI=.91]. The predictable variables of health promoting behavior of the Korean elderly were social activity, social support, self-integrity and helplessness except the perceived health status. These variables explained 17.1% of health promoting behavior of the Korean elderly.

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• A study of the impact of dental hygienist concern on oral health care of the elderly
  Jung Won Yun, Yu Hee Lee, Kyeung Ae Jang, Jung Hwa Lee
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• Effect of social support and self-esteem on the oral health behaviors of Korean elderly people
  Yuna Shin, Jinsil Hong, Youngsam Kim, Kee-Wan Chang
  Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2017; 41(4): 282.     CrossRef
• The Effect of the Traditional Living Arrangement, Anpakkori, on Depressive Symptoms in Elderly People Residing on Jeju Island
  Eun-Hui Oh, Moon-Doo Kim, Seong-Chul Hong
  Psychiatry Investigation.2009; 6(3): 131.     CrossRef
• Barriers to Health Behaviors in Male and Female Elderly People in Korea
  Young Eun, Mee Soon Song, Mee Ock Gu
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(2): 332.     CrossRef

Sleep is a necessity for survival, Disruption of sleep leads to numerous adverse physiological and psychological consequences. These could be particularly undesirable for older patients, who are subject to many additional factors. But there is limited research related to hospitalized elderly in Korea. The purpose of the study is to explore sleep patterns and disturbing factors of before and after hospitalization, in order to present basic information regarding elderly sleep to develop nursing intervention. The sample consisted of 32 elderly men and women between the ages of 60 and 87 years. Data collection was done from September to November 1997. Measures of sleep patterns and related factors were obtained from self-reported sleep questionnaires. Analysis of data was done by use of t-test, paired t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study were summarized as follows : 1. In comparison between before and after admission of their sleep pattern, "sleep onset" tends to be delayed and nocturnal sleep time was significantly reduced. So, hospitalized elderly reported less total sleep time than before admission. 2. Regarding the sleep disturbing factors, medication(hypnotics : 37.5%), physiological factor(snoring : 59.4%) environmental factor(pillow : 78.1%), emotional factor(anxiety related to disease : 37.5%), and illness factor(fatigue : 34.7%) were reported. 3. Significant differences in gender were found. Men had more disturbances in sleep than women owing to difficulty in falling a sleep and lack of nocturnal sleep. Women consumed more sleep inducing drugs. Significant increase was reported in napping during the day with increasing age. 4. Significant differences between good sleepers and poor sleepers were found for the following variables : nocturnal sleep time, total sleep time, bed time, sleep onset latency time, sleep latency time after nocturnal awakening, time spent in bed upon arousal, environmental factors, and emotional factors. In conclusion, it was found that the quantity and quality of sleep were significantly altered in hospitalized elderly, but adequate strategies for better sleep were not practiced. Further research is needed to develop intervention strategies to promote sleep and to prevent sleep problems.

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• Sleep patterns and it's influencing factors of hospitalized elderly in long-term care hospital
  Hyo-Yoel Jang, Tae-Im Kim
  Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society.2016; 27(3): 773.     CrossRef
• Factors Influencing Quality of Sleep of Disturbance Factors Sleep by Inpatients
  Mi-Ryon Lee, Mun-Hee Nam
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• Factors Influencing Sleep of Elderly Women
  Sohyune R. Sok, Jin Yi Choi
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2010; 40(1): 119.     CrossRef
• Effects of Eye Protective Device and Ear Protective Device Application on Sleep Disorder with Coronary Disease Patients in CCU
  Yoon Jung Koo, Hyo Jung Koh
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(4): 582.     CrossRef