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Development of a scale to measure fear of falling in older adults: a psychometric validation study
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Dayeon Lee, Sunghee H Tak
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2025;55(3):413-424. Published online August 21, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.25036
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 Abstract
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- Purpose
This study aimed to develop a scale to measure fear of falling in older adults and to validate its reliability and validity.
Methods
In total, 31 initial items were developed by referring to expressions from previous studies and items from existing instruments. After verifying content validity through expert evaluation, the remaining 27 items were used to construct a survey. Data from 252 participants recruited at three senior welfare centers in the metropolitan area were analyzed to examine item analysis, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test construct validity. The correlation with the Korean version of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (KFES-I) was used to assess convergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated to determine reliability.
Results
The final instrument consisted of 21 items. CFA confirmed acceptable model fit. Convergent validity was also acceptable and discriminant validity was partially supported. Correlations with the KFES-I ranged from .54 to .63. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the total score and all factors ranged from .84 to .97.
Conclusion
The Fear of Falling Scale for Older Adults developed in this study is a validated tool capable of measuring various dimensions of fear of falling. It provides a foundation for accurately assessing fear of falling in older adults and addressing its specific aspects.
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Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of Person-Centered Practice Inventory–Staff for Nurses
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Sohyun Kim, Sunghee H Tak
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2021;51(3):363-379. Published online June 30, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.21027
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Abstract
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- Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of Person-Centered Practice Inventory– Staff (PCPI-S) for nurses.
Methods
The English PCPI-S was translated into Korean with forward and backward translation. Data were collected from 338 nurses at one general hospital in Korea. Construct validity was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Known-group validity was also evaluated. Cronbach’s α was used to assess the reliability.
Results
The PCPI-S Korean version consisted of 51 items in three areas: prerequisites, the care environment, and person-centered process. The comparative fit index (CFI) and values of person-centered care process were improved after engagement and having sympathetic presence items were combined as one component. The construct validity of PCPI-S Korean version was verified using four-factor structures (.05 < RMSEA < .10, AGFI > .70, CFI > .70, and AIC). The convergent validity and discriminant validity of the entire PCPI-S question were verified using a two-factor structures (AVE > .50, construct reliability > .70). There was an acceptable known-group validity with a significant correlation between the PCPI-S level and the degree of person-centered care awareness and education. Internal consistency was reliable with Cronbach’s α .95.
Conclusion
The Korean version of PCPI-S is valid and reliable. It can be used as a standardized Korean version of person-centered care measurement tool. Abbreviation: RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; AGFI = adjusted goodness of fit index; AIC = Akaike information criterion; AVE = average variance extracted.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - The moderating effects of nurses’ characteristics on the perceptions and practices of family-centered care for chronically ill children and their families in Saudi Arabia
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Journal of Nursing Management.2022; 30(7): 2227. CrossRef - Translation and transcultural adaptation of the theoretical Person-Centred Practice Framework to the Spanish context
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