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The purpose of this study was to determine the meaning of the pain and experiences of elderly women with osteoarthritis, by adopting Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The participants were 7 elderly women over the age of 65. They were selected using a theoretical sampling technique. The Data was collected by in-depth and open-ended interviews from Dec. 1. 1999. to Feb, 28. 2000. The length of the interviews varied from 120 minutes to 180 minutes. Data was recorded and analyzed by a constant comparative
method
. From the data, significant statements were extracted and then organized into 48 themes, which resulted in 15 clusters of themes and 6 categories. The final descriptions turned out to be valid through the interviewee' validation process. Essential themes of the pain experiences emerged : "physical discomfortness(disturbances)", "negative state of mind", "influence of the death", "positive change in life", "Cause of pain perceived", and "change of their personal relationships". From these results, it was found that elderly women need nursing care based on a deep understanding of pain, and a reflection on their past is imperative to overcome their given situations. In conclusion, it is suggested that the care givers provide more support to solve the problems experienced by the elderly. Thus the researchers expect to provide understanding of older people and give basic data of holistic care for them.

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• Factors related to Life Satisfaction in Young-Old, Old, and Oldest-Old Women
  Kae-Hwa Jo, Hyun Ji Lee
  Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2009; 39(1): 21.     CrossRef
• Reconstructing a Meaning of Pain: Older Korean American Women's Experiences with the Pain of Osteoarthritis
  Geri L. Dickson, Jong Im Kim
  Qualitative Health Research.2003; 13(5): 675.     CrossRef

This study was a clinical Quasi-experiment to examine the effects of the range of motion exercise on powerlessness and life satisfaction among the E-Institutionalized elderly in Pusan. The purpose was to test the effect of the range of motion exercises on powerlessness and life satisfaction, and to examine the correlation between powerlessness and life satisfaction. The subjects for this study were 54 elderly people, both were over 60 and residing at E-Institution in Pusan. The research samples of 54 elderly were divided into an experimental and control group by matching randomized assignment. The instruments for this study were the Assessment Tool of Powerlessness in the elderly developed by Miller, Life satisfaction developed by Yoon Jin, and the Active-Passive Range of Motion Exercise Program which was developed and utilized by Shin, Jae-Shin. The data were collected from December 15, 1990 to November 1991. The paired t-test, t-test and ANCOVA were used to test hypothesis I and II. related to the Effect of the Range of Motion Exercises to powerlessness and life satisfaction. To identify the relationship of the range of motion exercises to powerlessness and life satisfaction, path analysis was done through multiple regression. The interrelationship of the variables was analyzed using t-test paired t-test. The results of the three hypothesis can be summarized as follows: 1. Hypothesis 1 -the experimental group which participated in the Range of Motion Exercise gets lower powerlessness score than that of the control group-was accepted by t-test (t=-3.40, p=.001) but not accepted by ANCOVA (F=.1, p=.96). 2. Hypothesis II -the experimental group which participated in the Range of Motion Exercise gets a higher Life Satisfaction Score than that of the control group-waa not supported by t-test(t=1.01, p=.316) but was accepted by ANCOVA (F=4.39. p=.006). 3. Hypothesis ?-if the powerlessness Score becomes higher, the Life Satisfaction Score will become lower- was accepted by Pearson Correlation Coefficient (pre exercise: r=-.34, p;=.006), (post exercise: r=-.06, p=.32): The relationship between the score of powerlessness and life satisfaction was negatively correlated. The results obtained clearly showed that the ef fects of the range of motion exercises on powerlessness and life satisfaction are beneficial to the elderly. The relation between the scores of powerlessness and life satisfaction was negatively correlated and the range of motion exercise had a direct influence to powerlessness. Therefore, it is concluded that the relationship between powerlessness and life satisfaction was not a causal one. Also it is concluded that the range of motion exercises can be applied as a nursing intervention to reduce powerlessness and to improve life satisfaction in the elderly.