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				Effects of Hospital Characteristics on Employment Rate, Working Period and Retirement of Ward Nurses in Korea: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on HIRAS Data														
			
			Hee-Jung Seo, Gi Yon Kim, Sei-Jin Chang			
				J Korean Acad Nurs 2020;50(6):837-847.   Published online December 31, 2020			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.20190
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDFPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hospital characteristics on employment rate, working period, and retirement of ward nurses in Korea through a retrospective cohort study based on HIRAS data.
 Methods
 Data were obtained from a report on medical care institutions of Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRAS). Data from 259,941 nurses who were working for a day or more from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016, at 2,942 medical care institutions were analyzed. Life table method analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were conducted.
 Results
 The employment rates of 5 yeas and 10 years for the total sample were 38% and 28%, respectively. The estimated mean value of the working period was 3,642.7 days (SE: 17.4 days). Cox proportional hazard regression analyses revealed that nurses who were working at the general hospital/hospital, clinic, and nursing hospital were more likely to leave the hospital compared to those who were working at the 3rd general hospital.
Nurses who were working at the medical institutions which were located in cities and countries, established by the private foundation, rated lower levels of nursing, and owned an insufficient number of beds, nurses and doctors were more likely to leave their workplace compared to those of the counterparts.
 Conclusion
 This study indicates that hospital characteristics may play a significant role in retirement and working period of ward nurses in Korea. The improvement of hospital conditions to reduce ward nurses’ retirement are needed.
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 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2025; 11: e68038.     CrossRef
Turnover Rates and Factors Associated With Turnover: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Retention Period of Clinical Nurses in Korea Using National DataYunmi Kim, Hyun-Young Kim
 Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice.2024; 25(2): 83.     CrossRef
Role of Organizational Commitment in Mediating Relationship between Professional Autonomy and Retention Intention among Public Hospital NursesMaria Choi, Hye Young Cho
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2024; 30(3): 224.     CrossRef
Impact of Retirement Expectation and Retirement Readiness on Retirement Anxiety among Middle-aged NursesEun-Young Kim, Se-Young Jung
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(2): 130.     CrossRef
Influence of Nurses’ General and Job-related Characteristics, Nursing Practice Environment, and Grit on the Intent to Stay among Operating Room NursesJeongha Lee, Haejung Lee
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(3): 203.     CrossRef
Mediating effects of fatigue on the relationship between sleep quality and the quality of life of shift-working nursesJeongwon Yeom, Insun Yeom
 Chronobiology International.2023; 40(4): 450.     CrossRef
Impact of Nursing Organizational Culture and Nursing Practice Environment on Generational Conflict in Organization among Hospital NursesJieun Kwon, Eun-Young Kim
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2023; 29(1): 45.     CrossRef
Factors Influencing Occupational Retention of Nurses in Their 20s and 30sEunmi Lee, Yujeong Kim, Haeyoung Lee
 Sage Open.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Effect of an Age-Stratified Working Environment and Hospital Characteristics on Nurse TurnoverYoseb Lee, Jeong Lim Kim, So Hee Kim, Jungmi Chae
 Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service Research.2022; 2(1): 106.     CrossRef
Retention Rates and the Associated Risk Factors of Turnover among Newly Hired Nurses at South Korean Hospitals: A Retrospective Cohort StudyYunmi Kim, Hyun-Young Kim
 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(19): 10013.     CrossRef
 
		
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				Factors Influencing Functional Status in Patients with Heart Failure														
			
			Eun Kyeung Song, Cho Ja Kim, Il Young Yoo, Gi Yon Kim, Ju Hyeung Kim, Jong Won Ha			
				Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2006;36(5):853-862.   Published online August 31, 2006			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.5.853
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDF
Purpose
  The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the functional status of patients with heart failure.Method A descriptive, correlational study design was used. The participants in this study were 260 patients with heart failure who were admitted at Y University and U University in Seoul, Korea. Between September 2005 and December 2005 data was collected by an interview using a questionnaire and from medical records. The Functional status was measured with KASI. Physical factors (dyspnea, ankle edema, chest pain, fatigue, and sleep dysfunction), psychological factors (anxiety and depression), and situational factors (self-management compliance and family support) were examined.Result In general, the functional status, anxiety, depression, self-management compliance, and family support was relatively not good. The level of fatigue was highest and the level of ankle edema was lowest for physical symptom experiences. In regression analysis, functional status was significantly influenced by dyspnea(23%), age(13%), monthly income(7%), fatigue(3%), ankle edema(2%), depression(1%), and length of stay in the hospital(1%). These factors explained 50% of the variables in the functional status.Conclusion These results suggest that psycho-physiological symptoms management should be a focus to improve the functional status in patients with heart failure.
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   Factors Related to N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as a Biomarker for Heart FailureHyeong Suk Lee, Mona Choi, Eui Geum Oh
 Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2016; 18(4): 247.     CrossRef
Symptom Management to Predict Quality of Life in Patients with Heart Failure: A Structural Equation Modeling ApproachJa Ok Lee, Rhayun Song
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2015; 45(6): 846.     CrossRef
Health-related Quality of Life in Symptomatic Postmyocardial Infarction Patients with Left Ventricular DysfunctionHa Mi Kim, JinShil Kim, Seon Young Hwang
 Asian Nursing Research.2015; 9(1): 47.     CrossRef
Construction of Model for Health-related Quality of Life of Liver Cirrhosis PatientsJi Suk Kim, Hae Sook Hong
 Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2014; 16(4): 292.     CrossRef
Effects of Tailored Supportive Education on Physical, Emotional Status and Quality of Life in Patients with Congestive Heart FailureEun Sook Lee,  Eun Suk Shin,  Seon Young Hwang,  Myeong Jeong Chae,  Myoung Ho Jeong
 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2013; 25(1): 62.     CrossRef
The Assessment for Nutrient Intakes of Korean Patients with Heart FailureHyeran Lee, Borum Kang, Hye Kyung Chung, Hyun Joo Do, Jeeseon Shim, Soon Hwa Bae, Seok-Min Kang, Min-Jeong Shin
 The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2010; 43(3): 224.     CrossRef
 
		
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				Predictors of Mammography Participation Among Rural Korean Women Age 40 and Over														
			
			Hea Kung Hur, Gi Yon Kim, So Mi Park			
				Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2005;35(8):1443-1450.   Published online March 28, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.8.1443
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDF
Purpose
  The study was conducted to identify predictors of mammography screening for rural Korean women according to ‘Stage of Change’ from the Transtheoretical Model which, along with the Health Belief Model, formed the theoretical basis for this study.Methods A cross-sectional descriptive design was utilized. Through convenience sampling 432 women were selected from 2 rural areas. Data were collected by survey. Health beliefs constructs were measured with Champion's HBM Scale-Korea version. Mammography participation was measured using the Stage of Mammography Adoption Scale developed by Rakowski, et al. (1992).Results The most frequent stage of mammography adoption was ‘contemplation’ (40.5%). Predictors of stage of mammography adoption included ‘mammogram recommended by health professional’ (beta=0.59, t=16.12, p=.000), ‘perceived benefits’ (beta=0.09, t=2.21, p=.050), ‘perceived susceptibility’ (beta=0.09, t=1.98, p=.050), and ‘perceived barriers’ (beta= 0.07, t= -2.05, p=.041). ‘Mammogram recommended by health professional’ demonstrated the greatest association with having a mammogram.Conclusion Health professionals play key roles in improving mammography participation and should recognize the importance of their role in cancer prevention and be more actively involved in education and counseling on prevention of breast cancer.
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   Knowledge and Factors Associated with Breast Cancer Self-Screening Intention among Saudi Female College Students: Utilization of the Health Belief ModelNasser Shubayr, Rola Khmees, Ali Alyami, Naif Majrashi, Nada Alomairy, Siddig Abdelwahab
 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(20): 13615.     CrossRef
Predictors of mammography based on Health Belief Model in Khorramabad womenZahra Khazir, Mohammad Ali Morrowati Sharifabad, Ali Akbar Vaezi, Behnaz Enjezab, Hossein Fallahzadeh, Fatemeh Yari
 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
Determinants of mammography adoption among iranian women: What are the differences in the cognitive factors by the stages of test adoption?Shayesteh Shirzadi, Haidar Nadrian, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Hamid Allahverdipour, Hadi Hassankhani
 Health Care for Women International.2017; 38(9): 956.     CrossRef
Psychosocial predictors of breast self-examination behavior among female students: an application of the health belief model using logistic regressionAlireza Didarloo, Bahram Nabilou, Hamid Reza Khalkhali
 BMC Public Health.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
Assessment of the Effects of Breast Cancer Training on Women Between the Ages of 50 and 70 in Kemalpasa, TurkeyGulengul Mermer, Meral Turk
 Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention.2015; 15(24): 10749.     CrossRef
Do cultural factors predict mammography behaviour among Korean immigrants in the USA?Hanju Lee, Jiyun Kim, Hae‐Ra Han
 Journal of Advanced Nursing.2009; 65(12): 2574.     CrossRef
Predictors of mammography uptake in Korean women aged 40 years and overEunjung Ryu, Okhee Ahn, Sun‐Sook Baek, Mi‐Soon Jeon, Seung‐Eui Han, Young‐Rye Park, Mi‐Young Ham
 Journal of Advanced Nursing.2008; 64(2): 168.     CrossRef
 
		
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				Content Analysis of the Experience of Preceptors in Clinical Education for Senior Student Nurses														
			
			Hea Kung Hur, Sang Soon Choi, Yang Heui Ahn, Young Mi Lim, Yun Hee Shin, So Mi Park, Gi Yon Kim, Hee Young Song			
				Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2004;34(5):859-868.   Published online March 28, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.5.859
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDF
Purpose
  The purpose of this study was to identify experiences of nurses who served as preceptors in clinical education for senior student nurses in a college of medicine in Wonju city.Method Data was collected from 20 preceptors instructing senior student nurses in 2001 using a self-completion questionnaire. To analyze data, content analysis was done using an analysis scheme developed by the investigators.Result The analysis scheme consisted of 7 categories and 25 subcategories. 135 significant statements were analyzed and categorized. Preceptors indicated that they were role models, socialization facilitators and educators while instructing students in the clinical practicum. In performing the preceptors' role, preceptors reported that their most important change was self-enhancement,and positive experience was a constructive work atmosphere. The most important factor facilitating the preceptors' role performance was support from head nurses, and the most discouraging factor was work loads.Conclusion This study suggests that interventions for encouragement and socialization of preceptors should be developed to promote clinical education for senior student nurses.
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   Development of a field training instructor model through analysis of satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors of field training for dental technology studentsSun-Kyoung Lee
 Journal of Korean Acedemy of Dental Technology.2024; 46(4): 174.     CrossRef
Effect of Nurses’ Preceptorship Experience in Educating New Graduate Nurses and Preceptor Training Courses on Clinical Teaching BehaviorKyung Jin Hong, Hyo-Jeong Yoon
 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(3): 975.     CrossRef
Clinical Instructors' Role Experience in College of NursingHyunju Kang, Kyung-Sook Bang, Ji-Sun Park, Juyoun Yu, Inju Hwang
 The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2014; 20(3): 443.     CrossRef
Study on Clinical Education for Nursing in Hospitals in KoreaJiho Song, Miwon Kim
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The Role Experience of Preceptor Nurses in HospitalsSe Young Kim, Jong Kyung Kim, Kwang-Ok Park
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Clinical Track Faculty: Merits and IssuesWon-Hee Lee, Cho Ja Kim, Young Sook Roh, Hyunsook Shin, Mi Ja Kim
 Journal of Professional Nursing.2007; 23(1): 5.     CrossRef
 
		
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				Effects of a Occupational Health Promotion Program for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease														
			
			Jee Won Park, Yong Soon Kim, Gi Yon Kim			
				Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2002;32(2):196-205.   Published online March 29, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2002.32.2.196
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDFPURPOSE: The purposes of this study was to evaluate an occupational health promotion program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
 METHOD: This study employed a quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre and post test to evaluate the program. The subjects of this study were 48 employees selected by convenience sampling who were suspected of having hypertension and hyperlipidemia in routine physical examinations and who were working in A University Hospital in Suwon. 25 subjects were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. Data collection was done using questionnaries before and after the subjects used the program.
 RESULTS: The results of this study showed that systolic blood pressure, ALT, gamma-GTP in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. There were significant differences between two groups in the percentage of 'irregularity of diet' and in health behavior compliance. There were significant differences between the two groups in the number of complaints of symptoms after using the program.
 CONCLUSION: This study shows that there were no obvious differences between the two groups in all areas, but this program had a positive effect on health behavior changes. It is expected that employees' lifestyles can be changed through continuous health promotion programs.
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   Effects of a Comprehensive Lifestyle Improvement Program for Middle-aged Women with Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease-related Risk FactorsMi-Kyoung Park, Jeong-Hee Kim
 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(2): 111.     CrossRef
Effects of a Tailored Health Promotion Program to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Middle-Aged and Advanced-Age Bus DriversGyu-Seok Hwang, Jae-Wook Choi, Seoung-Hyung Choi, Seoung-Gil Lee, Kyung-Hee Kim, Yong-Min Cho, Chungsik Yoon
 Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2012; 24(1): 117.     CrossRef
The Effects of a Worksite On-line Health Education Program on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors and Nutrient Intakes of Male WorkersJi-Yeon Kang, Sang-Woon Cho, Ji-Young Lee, Sook-Hee Sung, Yoo-Kyoung Park, Yun-Mi Paek, Tae-In Choi
 The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2010; 43(1): 57.     CrossRef
 
		
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				Treatment-seeking Behavior among those with Signs and Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction														
			
			Cho Ja Kim, Gi Yon Kim			
				Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1999;29(3):605-613.   Published online March 29, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1999.29.3.605
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDF
The main purposes of this study were to determine the interval between the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction and treatment-seeking time and identify the factors related to the interval time. This study used a retrospective design, The sample consisted of 45 patients aged over 30 who were diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction at two large university affiliated medical center from September 1, 1997 to June 30, 1998. Data was collected by using questionnaires, which included demographic data, premonitory clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction, and a measure of the severity of the signs and symptoms. Also semi-structured interviews and chart reviews were used to obtain information related to treatment seeking time. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The most frequent premonitory clinical symptom was chest pain(92.9%), the second, was perspiration(81.0%), and the next were nausea(40.5%) and dyspnea(38.1%). Thirty two patients reported having more than four premonitory signs and symptoms. Patients described the characteristics of chest pain as "something very heavy pressing down "(26.2%), "felt like my chest would burst"(24.4%), or "sharp pain"(16.7%). Over 95% of the sample reported having chest pain. 2. Twenty two (52.4%) patients reported to have "very severe" premonitory pain. 3. The mean time interval between the onset of signs and symptoms and the arrival at the medical center was 6.39+/-0.80 hours in 42 samples, the mean time from the onset to arrival at a local hospital was 3.27+/-.39 hours and for transfer from a local hospital to the medical center was 4.75+/-.87 hours in patients who had arrived at medical center via local hospital. 
4. The severity of premonitory signs and symptoms did not differ significantly according to existence of premonitory signs and symptoms. 5. There was no significant relationship between treatment-seeking time and age, gender, marital status, economic status, occupation, or residence. But education had significant relationship(r=-0.51, p=0.01). Analysis of difference of the time interval according to the premonitory signs and symptoms showed that the time was shorter in patients who experienced nausea or dysnea(U=115.50, p=0.01, U=132.00, p=0.04), however the severity of premonitory signs and symptoms did not have statistical significance. 
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   Factors associated with needlestick and sharp injuries among hospital nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire surveyEunhee Cho, Hyeonkyeong Lee, Miyoung Choi, Su Ho Park, Il Young Yoo, Linda H. Aiken
 International Journal of Nursing Studies.2013; 50(8): 1025.     CrossRef
Morbidity and mortality rates in women with heart disease: Lessons in gender differences from KoreaMyoung-Ae Choe, Kyungeh An
 Contemporary Nurse.2003; 14(2): 158.     CrossRef
 
		
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				Development of a Critical Pathway for Patients with Coronary Artery Bypass Graft														
			
			Gi Yon Kim			
				Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 1998;28(1):117-131.   Published online March 29, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.1998.28.1.117
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDFThe purpose of this study was to develop a critical pathway for case management for patients who have received Coronary Artery Bypass Graft(CABG) because of Ischemic Heart Disease(IHD) which is a factor of rising medical expenses. For this study, a conceptual framework was developed through a review of the literature including six critical pathways which are currently being used in USA. In order to identify the overall service contents required by these patients and to draw up a preliminary critical pathway, 30 cases of medical records of patients who had CABG because of IHD between January, 1995 to June, 1996 at the Cardiovascular Center of Yonsei Medical Center in Seoul were analyzed. An expert validity test was done for the preliminary critical pathway and clinical validity test was also done using seven IHD patients with CABG between November 11 and 23, 1996. After these processes, the final critical pathway was developed. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The vertical axis of the critical pathway includes the following eight items, nutrition medications, consultations, activity, assessments, treatments, education discharge planning and the horizontal axis includes the time from the start of hospitalization to discharge. 2. Analysis of the 30 medical records indicated that the average length of stay was 20.2 days with the average length of stay from hospitalization day to operation day being 6.2 days, and the average length of stay from operation day to discharge day was 13.9 days. Analysis of the service contents showed that the horizontal axis of the preliminary critical pathway was set from hospitalization to the 14th post operation day and the vertical axis was set to include eight items, the contents which ought to have occurred, according to the time frames of the horizontal axis. 3. As a result of the experts validity, it was found the among the total of 571 items, there was over 83% agreement for 482 items, less than 83% for 89 items, which were then deleted and a revision of the critical pathway was done. 4. A clinical validity test was done using seven, IHD patients with CABG. During the process, three patients were deleted because they were out of the criteria the investigator set. Finally, four patients were used. The result of study indicated that only one patient was discharged on the tenth post operation day. which was one day later than the expected day. Three patients were discharged later than the expected day from three days to nine days. All the cases progressed on schedule until the operation day and the first post operation day. but from the second post operation days, there were differences between the critical pathway and the actual practice. The differences came from tests, assessments, and treatments. 5. On the basis of the results of the clinical validity test, the following revisions in the final critical pathway were made : the transfer from ICU to step down ward would be the second post operation day, and the transfer to a general ward, the fifth post operation day, for patients who complained of lack of sleep from the fifth post operation day to discharge, a sleeping pill would be prescribed, skin observations would be performed routinely from immediately after the operation until the third post operation day, and would continue if there was a sign of skin injury on the fourth post operation day, and assessment of chest pain would be done from the third post operation day, and the "stairs climbing" item, expected to be done on the ninth post operation day would be deleted. In conclusion, this critical pathway is partially applicable to the care of patients with CABG but there are some parts needed to be further investigated.
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   Reduction of Length of Stay in Emergency Room by Using Critical Pathway for Stroke PatientsYeo Ok Yun, Min Young Kim, Woo Jeong Kim, Young Joon Kang, Ju Ok Park, Kyung Hye Park
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration.2011; 17(1): 66.     CrossRef
The Development of Nursing Standards for Coronary Artery Disease Patients Who Received Medical TreatmentWon Jung Noh
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The Development and Effects of an Integrated Symptom Management Program for Prevention of Recurrent Cardiac Events after Percutaneous Coronary InterventionYoun-Jung Son
 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2008; 38(2): 217.     CrossRef
 
		
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				The Effect of Preparatory Information on the State Anxiety Depending on Coping Styles of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization														
			
			Cho Ja Kim, Gi Yon Kim			
				Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1997;27(3):648-659.   Published online March 30, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1997.27.3.648
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDF
 The Purpose of this study was to study what effect providing the patient with preparatory concrete information had on the state anxiety depending on coping styles of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. State Anxiety scores for 32 patients who had cardiac catheterization were examined after information was provided about the test using and audio tape. The state anxiety of patients who had a high trait anxiety level was compared to that of those who had a low trait anxiety level. The state anxiety of those who had a monitor type were compared to those of patients who had blunter type. The Trait and State Anxiety Scale of Spielberger Miller's Behavioral Style Scale, and Krantz's Health Opinion Survey and Visual Analog Scale(I, II) were used. Findings were as follows : 1. Among the demographic characteristics, gender difference of the patients was significantly different for the trait anxiety level. Female patients had higher trait anxiety level than male patients. 2. Analysis of state anxiety scores indicated that the mean score of the state anxiety prior to the test was higher than mean score of the state anxiety examined after the test. The difference was statistically significant. 3. Among the patients, 14 patients (43.7%) used monitor type, while 18 patients(56.3%) used blunter type. The means of preference for information measured on the Krantz' subscale was 2. 45. 4. The study results indicate that the state anxiety level of those who a low trait anxiety level was lower than that of those who had a high trait anxiety level. 5. State anxiety levels depending upon the kind of coping style which patients used during the test were not significantly different. This study did not identify the influence of preparatory concrete information on the state anxiety depending on coping styles, and there fore a quasi-experimental study using a large sample according to different types of information, and the amount of information, coping styles is recommended. 
 
	
		
				
			
				Application and Effectiveness of a Preceptorship for the Improvement of Clinical Education														
			
			Won Hee Lee, So Sun Kim, Shin Hi Han, So Yon Lee, Gi Yon Kim			
				Journal of Nurses Academic Society 1995;25(3):581-596.   Published online March 30, 2017			
									DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1995.25.3.581
							
							 
				
										
										 Abstract  PDF
Clinical practice in nursing education provides an opportunity for students, through the process of applying theoretical knowledge to practice, and to learn nursing skills as well as being socialized into nursing and as such decrease the reality shock of actual nursing practice. Because of a shortage of nursing faculty, the job of achieving the objectives of the clinical practice had been turned over to the head nurses. This resulted in many problems, such as, unclear location of responsibilities and inadequate feedback from head nurses. Therefore this study was done to introduce and evaluate the use of preceptors as a way to minimize the above problems, and to maximize the achievement of the clinical practice objectives. Using an adaptation of Zerbe's (1991) three-tiered team model, clinical practice was done using a preceptor, a head nurse and a clinical instructor, each with different and well defined roles. The subjects of this study were 67 senior students of the College of Nursing of Y University in Seoul whose clinical practice in adult nursing was carried out between May 1, 1994 and December 8, 1994. There were 22 preceptors who had at least two years of clinical experience and who were recommended by their head nurses. They were given additional education on the philosophy and objectives of the College of Nursing, on communication skills, on the theory and practice of education, and on nursing diagnosis and education evaluation. The role of the preceptor was to work one-to-one with students in their practice. The role of the head nurse was to supervise and evaluate the preceptors. The role of the clinical instructor was to provide the education program for the preceptors, to provide advice and suggestions to the preceptors and to maintain lines of communication with the college. With each of these roles in place, it was thought that the effectiveness and efficiency of the clinical practice could be increased significantly. To evaluate the effectiveness of the precep-torship, the three-tiered model, Lowery's Teacher Evaluation Opinion Form translated and adapted to Korea was used to measure student statisfaction. The Clinical Practice Compentency Evaluation Tool developed by Lee et al was also used to measure student competencies. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The satisfaction with clinical practice was higher with the introduction of the perceptors than it was before they were used. (t=-5.96, p=<.005) 2. The clinical practice competencies were higher with the introduction of the preceptors than it was before they were used(t= -5.13, p<.005) 3. In order to analyze areas not measured by the quantitative tools additional analysis of the open questions was done. The results of this analysis showed that: 1) The students felt positive about their sense of security, confidence, handling of responsbility, and being systematic. They also felt positive about improvements in knowledge, opportunities for direct care, and socialization. 2) The students felt negative about the technical part of their role, lack of knowledge by the preceptor, unprofessional attitudes on the part of the preceptor, difficulty in the role of the professional nurse (student). 3) The preceptors felt positive about their responsibility, motivation, and relationship with the college. 4) The preceptors felt negative about their burden. Introduction of the preceptorship model will lead to change and improvement in the negative factors discussed above, solve problems in the present clinical education system, increase continuity in the education of the students, help with socialization of the students and motivation of the preceptors to upgrade their education and increase their confidence. These objectives must be obtained to further the development of professional nursing, and thus, making the preceptorship a reality is our job for the future.
					Citations Citations to this article as recorded by   The Students’ Evaluation of Practice Sites and Preceptors in Pharmacy Experiential EducationJeong-Hyun Yoon, Hae Sun Suh, Nam Kyung Je
 Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.2017; 27(2): 69.     CrossRef
 
		
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