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The Development of Automated Personalized Self-Care (APSC) Program for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Ah Reum Khang
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J Korean Acad Nurs 2022;52(5):535-549. Published online October 31, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.22046
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 Abstract
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- Purpose
The study aimed to design and develop an automated personalized self-care (APSC) program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The secondary aim was to present a clinical protocol as a mixed-method research to test the program effects.
Methods
The APSC program was developed in the order of analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation according to the software development life cycle, and was guided by the self-regulatory theory. The content validity, heuristics, and usability of the program were verified by experts and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Results
The APSC program was developed based on goal setting, education, monitoring, and feedback components corresponding to the phases of forethought, performance/volitional control, and self-reflection of self-regulatory theory. Using the mobile application, the participants are able to learn from educational materials, monitor their health behaviors, receive weekly-automated personalized goals and feedback messages, and use an automated conversation system to solve the problems related to self-care. The ongoing two-year study utilizes a mixed method design, with 180 patients having type 2 diabetes mellitus randomized to receive either the intervention or usual care. The participants will be reviewed for self-care self-efficacy, health behaviors, and health outcomes at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Participants in the intervention group will be interviewed about their experiences.
Conclusion
The APSC program can serve as an effective tool for facilitating diabetes health behaviors by improving patients’ self-care self-efficacy and self-regulation for self-care. However, the clinical effectiveness of this program requires further investigation.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Effectiveness of mHealth-Based Self-Management Interventions on Self-Efficacy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Junhee Ahn, Youngran Yang, Ji Young Kim, Jihyon Pahn, Yura Jang
The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care.2025; 51(5): 517. CrossRef - Impact of Mobile App-Based Self-Monitoring Engagement on Self-Care Self-Efficacy, Health Behaviors, and Hemoglobin A1c Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Min Jin Lee, Ahreum Khang
Western Journal of Nursing Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Participation experience in self-care program for type 2 diabetes: A mixed-methods study
Mihwan Kim, Haejung Lee, Gaeun Park, Ah Reum Khang
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2024; 26(1): 31. CrossRef - Long‐Term Effects of an Automated Personalized Self‐Care Program for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Haejung Lee, Gaeun Park, DaeEun Lee, Ah Reum Khang, Min Jin Lee
Nursing & Health Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Automated Personalized Self-care Program for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Trial
Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Yoonju Lee, Myoung Soo Kim, Sunyoung Jung, Ah Reum Khang, Dongwon Yi
Asian Nursing Research.2024; 18(2): 114. CrossRef - Healthcare coaching program for youth with type 1 diabetes in South Korea: a pilot study
Dae Eun Lee, Haejung Lee, Chong Kun Cheon, Ju Young Yoon
Child Health Nursing Research.2024; 30(1): 17. CrossRef - The Association between the Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol to High-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults: A Secondary Data Analysis Using a Community-based Cohort Study in Korea
Bo-Kyoung Cha
Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing.2023; 30(1): 66. CrossRef
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